Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad

Gamar Mahamat Gamar; Izzat Mirgani Taha; Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12

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Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad

Gamar Mahamat Gamar, Izzat Mirgani Taha, Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 5)

Received: 17 August 2021 Accepted: 8 September 2021 Published: 16 September 2021

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Abstract

This research work was based on recommendations of a number of researchers stating that pollution has appeared in the Chadian capital, N'Djamena, as a result of the liquid waste being thrown out from some private and public sectors before being treated. This study is a follow-up to research, some of which have been published and some not yet completed. The current article was focused on the determination of some physicochemical characteristics of wastewater in the capital of Chad N’Djamena and to assess their environmental impact. These characteristics were: Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn, NO₃^-, PO₄^3-, HCO₃^-, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total dissolved solids. Samples were taken from four different effluent streams and analyzed according to the standard methods. The results of the evaluation were: pH (4.26 ± 0.06 - 8.57 ± 0.06), temperature (23.17 ± 0.21 - 33.60 ± 0.10°C), electrical conductivity [EC] (212 ± 0.01 - 1997 ± 10 µs/cm), the total dissolved solids TDS (1.42 ± 0.01 - 906.63 ± 1.21 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand COD (30 - 1170 mg/L), biological oxygen demand BOD (26 - 228 mg/L), Cu (0.11 - 6.20 mg/L), Zn (0.02 - 3.53 mg/L), Mn (0.003 - 6.77 mg/L), Al (0.10 -1.12 mg/L), Fe (0.39 - 3.43 mg/L), bicarbonate (23.67 - 853.33 mg/L), phosphate (0.023 - 333.67 mg/L) and nitrate (0.98 - 127.0 mg/L). These results revealed that the values of some parameters are exceeded the limit recommended by the World Health Organization for wastewater discharge. We conclude that this untreated wastewater are sources of pollution to the daily consumed legumes and vegetables.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12
Page(s)	131-137
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Effluent, Wastewater, Physicochemical Characteristics, Pollution, Chad

References

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APA Style

Gamar Mahamat Gamar, Izzat Mirgani Taha, Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed. (2021). Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(5), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12

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ACS Style

Gamar Mahamat Gamar; Izzat Mirgani Taha; Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed. Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 9(5), 131-137. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12

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AMA Style

Gamar Mahamat Gamar, Izzat Mirgani Taha, Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed. Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad. Am J Appl Chem. 2021;9(5):131-137. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12,
  author = {Gamar Mahamat Gamar and Izzat Mirgani Taha and Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed},
  title = {Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {131-137},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20210905.12},
  abstract = {This research work was based on recommendations of a number of researchers stating that pollution has appeared in the Chadian capital, N'Djamena, as a result of the liquid waste being thrown out from some private and public sectors before being treated. This study is a follow-up to research, some of which have been published and some not yet completed. The current article was focused on the determination of some physicochemical characteristics of wastewater in the capital of Chad N’Djamena and to assess their environmental impact. These characteristics were: Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn, NO3-, PO43-, HCO3-, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total dissolved solids. Samples were taken from four different effluent streams and analyzed according to the standard methods. The results of the evaluation were: pH (4.26 ± 0.06 - 8.57 ± 0.06), temperature (23.17 ± 0.21 - 33.60 ± 0.10°C), electrical conductivity [EC] (212 ± 0.01 - 1997 ± 10 µs/cm), the total dissolved solids TDS (1.42 ± 0.01 - 906.63 ± 1.21 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand COD (30 - 1170 mg/L), biological oxygen demand BOD (26 - 228 mg/L), Cu (0.11 - 6.20 mg/L), Zn (0.02 - 3.53 mg/L), Mn (0.003 - 6.77 mg/L), Al (0.10 -1.12 mg/L), Fe (0.39 - 3.43 mg/L), bicarbonate (23.67 - 853.33 mg/L), phosphate (0.023 - 333.67 mg/L) and nitrate (0.98 - 127.0 mg/L). These results revealed that the values of some parameters are exceeded the limit recommended by the World Health Organization for wastewater discharge. We conclude that this untreated wastewater are sources of pollution to the daily consumed legumes and vegetables.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad
AU  - Gamar Mahamat Gamar
AU  - Izzat Mirgani Taha
AU  - Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed
Y1  - 2021/09/16
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 131
EP  - 137
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12
AB  - This research work was based on recommendations of a number of researchers stating that pollution has appeared in the Chadian capital, N'Djamena, as a result of the liquid waste being thrown out from some private and public sectors before being treated. This study is a follow-up to research, some of which have been published and some not yet completed. The current article was focused on the determination of some physicochemical characteristics of wastewater in the capital of Chad N’Djamena and to assess their environmental impact. These characteristics were: Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn, NO3-, PO43-, HCO3-, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total dissolved solids. Samples were taken from four different effluent streams and analyzed according to the standard methods. The results of the evaluation were: pH (4.26 ± 0.06 - 8.57 ± 0.06), temperature (23.17 ± 0.21 - 33.60 ± 0.10°C), electrical conductivity [EC] (212 ± 0.01 - 1997 ± 10 µs/cm), the total dissolved solids TDS (1.42 ± 0.01 - 906.63 ± 1.21 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand COD (30 - 1170 mg/L), biological oxygen demand BOD (26 - 228 mg/L), Cu (0.11 - 6.20 mg/L), Zn (0.02 - 3.53 mg/L), Mn (0.003 - 6.77 mg/L), Al (0.10 -1.12 mg/L), Fe (0.39 - 3.43 mg/L), bicarbonate (23.67 - 853.33 mg/L), phosphate (0.023 - 333.67 mg/L) and nitrate (0.98 - 127.0 mg/L). These results revealed that the values of some parameters are exceeded the limit recommended by the World Health Organization for wastewater discharge. We conclude that this untreated wastewater are sources of pollution to the daily consumed legumes and vegetables.
VL  - 9
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Gamar Mahamat Gamar

Higher Institute for Teachers Formation in N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad
Izzat Mirgani Taha

National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed

Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad

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APA Style

Gamar Mahamat Gamar, Izzat Mirgani Taha, Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed. (2021). Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(5), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12

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ACS Style

Gamar Mahamat Gamar; Izzat Mirgani Taha; Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed. Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 9(5), 131-137. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12

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AMA Style

Gamar Mahamat Gamar, Izzat Mirgani Taha, Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed. Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad. Am J Appl Chem. 2021;9(5):131-137. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12,
  author = {Gamar Mahamat Gamar and Izzat Mirgani Taha and Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed},
  title = {Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {131-137},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20210905.12},
  abstract = {This research work was based on recommendations of a number of researchers stating that pollution has appeared in the Chadian capital, N'Djamena, as a result of the liquid waste being thrown out from some private and public sectors before being treated. This study is a follow-up to research, some of which have been published and some not yet completed. The current article was focused on the determination of some physicochemical characteristics of wastewater in the capital of Chad N’Djamena and to assess their environmental impact. These characteristics were: Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn, NO3-, PO43-, HCO3-, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total dissolved solids. Samples were taken from four different effluent streams and analyzed according to the standard methods. The results of the evaluation were: pH (4.26 ± 0.06 - 8.57 ± 0.06), temperature (23.17 ± 0.21 - 33.60 ± 0.10°C), electrical conductivity [EC] (212 ± 0.01 - 1997 ± 10 µs/cm), the total dissolved solids TDS (1.42 ± 0.01 - 906.63 ± 1.21 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand COD (30 - 1170 mg/L), biological oxygen demand BOD (26 - 228 mg/L), Cu (0.11 - 6.20 mg/L), Zn (0.02 - 3.53 mg/L), Mn (0.003 - 6.77 mg/L), Al (0.10 -1.12 mg/L), Fe (0.39 - 3.43 mg/L), bicarbonate (23.67 - 853.33 mg/L), phosphate (0.023 - 333.67 mg/L) and nitrate (0.98 - 127.0 mg/L). These results revealed that the values of some parameters are exceeded the limit recommended by the World Health Organization for wastewater discharge. We conclude that this untreated wastewater are sources of pollution to the daily consumed legumes and vegetables.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Characterization of Wastewater Used for Irrigation and Other Purposes in Chad
AU  - Gamar Mahamat Gamar
AU  - Izzat Mirgani Taha
AU  - Mohagir Ahmed Mohammed
Y1  - 2021/09/16
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 131
EP  - 137
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210905.12
AB  - This research work was based on recommendations of a number of researchers stating that pollution has appeared in the Chadian capital, N'Djamena, as a result of the liquid waste being thrown out from some private and public sectors before being treated. This study is a follow-up to research, some of which have been published and some not yet completed. The current article was focused on the determination of some physicochemical characteristics of wastewater in the capital of Chad N’Djamena and to assess their environmental impact. These characteristics were: Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn, NO3-, PO43-, HCO3-, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total dissolved solids. Samples were taken from four different effluent streams and analyzed according to the standard methods. The results of the evaluation were: pH (4.26 ± 0.06 - 8.57 ± 0.06), temperature (23.17 ± 0.21 - 33.60 ± 0.10°C), electrical conductivity [EC] (212 ± 0.01 - 1997 ± 10 µs/cm), the total dissolved solids TDS (1.42 ± 0.01 - 906.63 ± 1.21 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand COD (30 - 1170 mg/L), biological oxygen demand BOD (26 - 228 mg/L), Cu (0.11 - 6.20 mg/L), Zn (0.02 - 3.53 mg/L), Mn (0.003 - 6.77 mg/L), Al (0.10 -1.12 mg/L), Fe (0.39 - 3.43 mg/L), bicarbonate (23.67 - 853.33 mg/L), phosphate (0.023 - 333.67 mg/L) and nitrate (0.98 - 127.0 mg/L). These results revealed that the values of some parameters are exceeded the limit recommended by the World Health Organization for wastewater discharge. We conclude that this untreated wastewater are sources of pollution to the daily consumed legumes and vegetables.
VL  - 9
IS  - 5
ER  -

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