Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13

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Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal

Published in American Journal of Construction and Building Materials (Volume 4, Issue 1)

Received: 2 January 2020 Accepted: 9 March 2020 Published: 24 March 2020

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Abstract

Costs relating to haulage and processing of materials have considerable impact upon economics of road construction. Hence material search is generally restricted to about 10km corridor centering on the road but materials found at this distance may not satisfy the required quality. Cinder gravels are most abundant materials found in tropical countries like Ethiopia especially in rift valley zones where there are active volcanoes. The main objective of the study was to investigating use of cinder gravels as base course material through blending with conventional base course material, CSA, and stabilization with cement. According to results of sieve analysis, ACV, flakiness index and CBR, 30% of CSA can be replaced by cinder gravels for use as GB1 material and for cement treated cinder gravels adding 6% and 8% cement make them suitable for use as CB2 and CB1 base course materials respectively, referring to their 14 day compressive strength as determined by UCS test while the mix with 10% cement satisfies US Army specification. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended that utilization of the locally available cinder gravels shall be given due consideration for upcoming road construction projects in the study area or in other locations with similar characteristics.

Published in	American Journal of Construction and Building Materials (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13
Page(s)	14-21
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Marginal Materials, Cinder Gravel, Conventional Material, CSA, Cement Treated, GB1, UCS, CB1 and CB2

References

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[3]	Ethiopian roads authority. “Site investigation manual”, 2011.
[4]	Birhanu Girma. “Stabilizing cinder gravels for heavily trafficked base course”. Journal of EEA. 2009; vol. 26.
[5]	Dinku, Abebe, "The need for standardization of aggregates for concrete production in Ethiopian construction industry"). International conference on African development archives. (2005); paper 90.26.
[6]	National lime association. “Lime-treated soil construction manual: lime stabilization & lime modification”, January 4, 2010.
[7]	J. b. oza, Dr. P. J. Gundaliya. “Study of black cotton soil characteristics with cement waste dust and lime” Non-circuit branches of the 3 rd. Nirma university international conference on engineering. 2013; pp. 110–118.
[8]	Das. M. B. “Fundamentals of geotechnical engineering”. Toronto, Canada: Nelton; 2005.
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[12]	John Murray Hudson. “The behavior of road base materials under repeated loading”. Thesis submitted to doctor of philosophy. October 1971.
[13]	W. Spencer. G., B. Mathew. R and I. Dennis. E.” Evaluation of laboratory durability tests for stabilized aggregate base materials”: Transportation research board 87th annual meeting: Portland cement association; 2007.
[14]	Engidasew, T. Engineering geological characterization of volcanic rocks of Ethiopian and Sardinian highland. PhD in soil defense and conservation; 2012/2013.
[15]	Efrem, G. “Stabilization of cinder with foamed bitumen and cement and its use as (sub) base for roads.” International institute for infrastructural, hydraulic and environmental engineering. 2000 delft; M. Sc. thesis TRE 100.
[16]	Department for International Development (DFID), of the UK and the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Philippines.” Literature review on stabilized sub base for heavily trafficked roads”. Project report origin PR/INT/202/00.
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[19]	AASHTO, “Standard Specification for Transportation Materials and Method of Sampling and Testing”, Part 1 Specifications, 20th Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Washington D. C, 2000.
[20]	B. Gautama, D. Yuan, I. Abdalla and S. Nazarian. “Guidelines for Using Local Materials for Roadway Base and Sub base”. Center for Transportation Infrastructure Systems. The University of Texas at El Paso. 2009 association for computer methods and advances in geo-mechanics. 2008.
[21]	American association of state highway and transportation officials. Stabilization of subgrade soils and base materials AASHTO designation. 2008.
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APA Style

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal. (2020). Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material. American Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 4(1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13

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ACS Style

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal. Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material. Am. J. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 4(1), 14-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13

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AMA Style

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal. Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material. Am J Constr Build Mater. 2020;4(1):14-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13,
  author = {Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal},
  title = {Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material},
  journal = {American Journal of Construction and Building Materials},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14-21},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcbm.20200401.13},
  abstract = {Costs relating to haulage and processing of materials have considerable impact upon economics of road construction. Hence material search is generally restricted to about 10km corridor centering on the road but materials found at this distance may not satisfy the required quality. Cinder gravels are most abundant materials found in tropical countries like Ethiopia especially in rift valley zones where there are active volcanoes. The main objective of the study was to investigating use of cinder gravels as base course material through blending with conventional base course material, CSA, and stabilization with cement. According to results of sieve analysis, ACV, flakiness index and CBR, 30% of CSA can be replaced by cinder gravels for use as GB1 material and for cement treated cinder gravels adding 6% and 8% cement make them suitable for use as CB2 and CB1 base course materials respectively, referring to their 14 day compressive strength as determined by UCS test while the mix with 10% cement satisfies US Army specification. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended that utilization of the locally available cinder gravels shall be given due consideration for upcoming road construction projects in the study area or in other locations with similar characteristics.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material
AU  - Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal
Y1  - 2020/03/24
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13
T2  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JF  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JO  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
SP  - 14
EP  - 21
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0057
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13
AB  - Costs relating to haulage and processing of materials have considerable impact upon economics of road construction. Hence material search is generally restricted to about 10km corridor centering on the road but materials found at this distance may not satisfy the required quality. Cinder gravels are most abundant materials found in tropical countries like Ethiopia especially in rift valley zones where there are active volcanoes. The main objective of the study was to investigating use of cinder gravels as base course material through blending with conventional base course material, CSA, and stabilization with cement. According to results of sieve analysis, ACV, flakiness index and CBR, 30% of CSA can be replaced by cinder gravels for use as GB1 material and for cement treated cinder gravels adding 6% and 8% cement make them suitable for use as CB2 and CB1 base course materials respectively, referring to their 14 day compressive strength as determined by UCS test while the mix with 10% cement satisfies US Army specification. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended that utilization of the locally available cinder gravels shall be given due consideration for upcoming road construction projects in the study area or in other locations with similar characteristics.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Bonga University, Bonga, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal. (2020). Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material. American Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 4(1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13

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ACS Style

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal. Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material. Am. J. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 4(1), 14-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13

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AMA Style

Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal. Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material. Am J Constr Build Mater. 2020;4(1):14-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13,
  author = {Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal},
  title = {Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material},
  journal = {American Journal of Construction and Building Materials},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14-21},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcbm.20200401.13},
  abstract = {Costs relating to haulage and processing of materials have considerable impact upon economics of road construction. Hence material search is generally restricted to about 10km corridor centering on the road but materials found at this distance may not satisfy the required quality. Cinder gravels are most abundant materials found in tropical countries like Ethiopia especially in rift valley zones where there are active volcanoes. The main objective of the study was to investigating use of cinder gravels as base course material through blending with conventional base course material, CSA, and stabilization with cement. According to results of sieve analysis, ACV, flakiness index and CBR, 30% of CSA can be replaced by cinder gravels for use as GB1 material and for cement treated cinder gravels adding 6% and 8% cement make them suitable for use as CB2 and CB1 base course materials respectively, referring to their 14 day compressive strength as determined by UCS test while the mix with 10% cement satisfies US Army specification. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended that utilization of the locally available cinder gravels shall be given due consideration for upcoming road construction projects in the study area or in other locations with similar characteristics.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Replacing Cinder Gravel as Alternative Base Course Material
AU  - Fisseha Wagaw Maniyazawal
Y1  - 2020/03/24
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13
T2  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JF  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JO  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
SP  - 14
EP  - 21
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0057
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20200401.13
AB  - Costs relating to haulage and processing of materials have considerable impact upon economics of road construction. Hence material search is generally restricted to about 10km corridor centering on the road but materials found at this distance may not satisfy the required quality. Cinder gravels are most abundant materials found in tropical countries like Ethiopia especially in rift valley zones where there are active volcanoes. The main objective of the study was to investigating use of cinder gravels as base course material through blending with conventional base course material, CSA, and stabilization with cement. According to results of sieve analysis, ACV, flakiness index and CBR, 30% of CSA can be replaced by cinder gravels for use as GB1 material and for cement treated cinder gravels adding 6% and 8% cement make them suitable for use as CB2 and CB1 base course materials respectively, referring to their 14 day compressive strength as determined by UCS test while the mix with 10% cement satisfies US Army specification. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended that utilization of the locally available cinder gravels shall be given due consideration for upcoming road construction projects in the study area or in other locations with similar characteristics.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download