Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif; Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris; Rabie Ali Maarouf; Ahmed Moursy Attia; Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11

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Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif, Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris, Rabie Ali Maarouf, Ahmed Moursy Attia, Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar

Published in American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics (Volume 4, Issue 4)

Received: 15 August 2019 Accepted: 16 September 2019 Published: 9 October 2019

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Abstract

Marine transportation still generates negative impacts on the marine environment, including releases of ballast water containing aquatic invasive species; historical use of antifoulants; oil and chemical spills; dry bulk cargo releases; garbage; underwater noise pollution; ship-strikes on marine megafauna; risk of ship grounding or sinkings; and widespread sediment contamination of ports during trans-shipment or ship breaking activities. Commercial vessels that do not conduct ballast water exchange, in accordance with International Convention Ballast Water Management, will endager the environment of ports. In this study, investigation of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) and nutrients (NO₃, NO₂, NH₄, PO₄ and SiO₄) contents in ballast waters of three commercial ships entering the Tobruk port, along the Tobruk Gulf. High concentration levels were observed in all samples which were the main source of high heavey metals concentration of coastal waters of Tobruk Gulf. These results were confirmed by determination of nutrients concentration which were also found in high concentrations levels compared with reference sample. Results showed that in a long term the ballast water has the potential to change the chemical quality in marine environments, and it should treated before discharge in coastal areas, as well as the unpolluted of ballast waters should be loaded.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics (Volume 4, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11
Page(s)	121-124
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ballast Water, Heavy Metals, Nutrients, Tobruk Gulf

References

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[6]	S. Dobaradaran, F. Soleimani, I. Nabipour, R. Saeedi, M. J. Mohammadi, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126 (2018) 74-76.
[7]	F. Fu, Q. Wang, Journal of Environmental Management, 92 (2011) 407-418.
[8]	Z. S. Baharom, M. Y. Ishak, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 30 (2015) 320-325.
[9]	M. David, S. Gollasch, L. Penko, Journal of Sea Research, 133 (2018) 60-72.
[10]	S. Takeda, Nature, 393 (1998) 774.
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[14]	K. Grasshoff, K. Kremling, M. Ehrhardt, Methods of Sea Water Analysis, WILEY-VCH Weinheim, New York, 1999.
[15]	A. Tjahjono, A. N. Bambang, S. Anggoro, Earth and Environmental Science, 55 (2017) 12-20.

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APA Style

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif, Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris, Rabie Ali Maarouf, Ahmed Moursy Attia, Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar. (2019). Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf. American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics, 4(4), 121-124. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11

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ACS Style

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif; Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris; Rabie Ali Maarouf; Ahmed Moursy Attia; Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar. Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf. Am. J. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2019, 4(4), 121-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11

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AMA Style

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif, Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris, Rabie Ali Maarouf, Ahmed Moursy Attia, Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar. Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf. Am J Environ Resour Econ. 2019;4(4):121-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11,
  author = {Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif and Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris and Rabie Ali Maarouf and Ahmed Moursy Attia and Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar},
  title = {Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {121-124},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajere.20190404.11},
  abstract = {Marine transportation still generates negative impacts on the marine environment, including releases of ballast water containing aquatic invasive species; historical use of antifoulants; oil and chemical spills; dry bulk cargo releases; garbage; underwater noise pollution; ship-strikes on marine megafauna; risk of ship grounding or sinkings; and widespread sediment contamination of ports during trans-shipment or ship breaking activities. Commercial vessels that do not conduct ballast water exchange, in accordance with International Convention Ballast Water Management, will endager the environment of ports. In this study, investigation of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) and nutrients (NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4 and SiO4) contents in ballast waters of three commercial ships entering the Tobruk port, along the Tobruk Gulf. High concentration levels were observed in all samples which were the main source of high heavey metals concentration of coastal waters of Tobruk Gulf. These results were confirmed by determination of nutrients concentration which were also found in high concentrations levels compared with reference sample. Results showed that in a long term the ballast water has the potential to change the chemical quality in marine environments, and it should treated before discharge in coastal areas, as well as the unpolluted of ballast waters should be loaded.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf
AU  - Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif
AU  - Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris
AU  - Rabie Ali Maarouf
AU  - Ahmed Moursy Attia
AU  - Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar
Y1  - 2019/10/09
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11
T2  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
JF  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
JO  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
SP  - 121
EP  - 124
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-787X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11
AB  - Marine transportation still generates negative impacts on the marine environment, including releases of ballast water containing aquatic invasive species; historical use of antifoulants; oil and chemical spills; dry bulk cargo releases; garbage; underwater noise pollution; ship-strikes on marine megafauna; risk of ship grounding or sinkings; and widespread sediment contamination of ports during trans-shipment or ship breaking activities. Commercial vessels that do not conduct ballast water exchange, in accordance with International Convention Ballast Water Management, will endager the environment of ports. In this study, investigation of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) and nutrients (NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4 and SiO4) contents in ballast waters of three commercial ships entering the Tobruk port, along the Tobruk Gulf. High concentration levels were observed in all samples which were the main source of high heavey metals concentration of coastal waters of Tobruk Gulf. These results were confirmed by determination of nutrients concentration which were also found in high concentrations levels compared with reference sample. Results showed that in a long term the ballast water has the potential to change the chemical quality in marine environments, and it should treated before discharge in coastal areas, as well as the unpolluted of ballast waters should be loaded.
VL  - 4
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif

Port & Maritime Transport Authortity, Ministry of Transport, Tobruk, Libya
Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya
Rabie Ali Maarouf

Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Ahmed Moursy Attia

Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar

Marine Environmental Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Ministry of Scientific Research, Alexandria, Egypt

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APA Style

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif, Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris, Rabie Ali Maarouf, Ahmed Moursy Attia, Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar. (2019). Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf. American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics, 4(4), 121-124. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11

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ACS Style

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif; Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris; Rabie Ali Maarouf; Ahmed Moursy Attia; Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar. Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf. Am. J. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2019, 4(4), 121-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11

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AMA Style

Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif, Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris, Rabie Ali Maarouf, Ahmed Moursy Attia, Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar. Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf. Am J Environ Resour Econ. 2019;4(4):121-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11,
  author = {Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif and Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris and Rabie Ali Maarouf and Ahmed Moursy Attia and Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar},
  title = {Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {121-124},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajere.20190404.11},
  abstract = {Marine transportation still generates negative impacts on the marine environment, including releases of ballast water containing aquatic invasive species; historical use of antifoulants; oil and chemical spills; dry bulk cargo releases; garbage; underwater noise pollution; ship-strikes on marine megafauna; risk of ship grounding or sinkings; and widespread sediment contamination of ports during trans-shipment or ship breaking activities. Commercial vessels that do not conduct ballast water exchange, in accordance with International Convention Ballast Water Management, will endager the environment of ports. In this study, investigation of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) and nutrients (NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4 and SiO4) contents in ballast waters of three commercial ships entering the Tobruk port, along the Tobruk Gulf. High concentration levels were observed in all samples which were the main source of high heavey metals concentration of coastal waters of Tobruk Gulf. These results were confirmed by determination of nutrients concentration which were also found in high concentrations levels compared with reference sample. Results showed that in a long term the ballast water has the potential to change the chemical quality in marine environments, and it should treated before discharge in coastal areas, as well as the unpolluted of ballast waters should be loaded.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels of Ballast Waters in Commercial Ships on Chemical Quality Status of Seawater of the Tobruk-libya Gulf
AU  - Gaith Gaballa Altohame Jalgaif
AU  - Salah Ali Mahgoub Idris
AU  - Rabie Ali Maarouf
AU  - Ahmed Moursy Attia
AU  - Manal Mahmoud El-Naggar
Y1  - 2019/10/09
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11
T2  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
JF  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
JO  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
SP  - 121
EP  - 124
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-787X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190404.11
AB  - Marine transportation still generates negative impacts on the marine environment, including releases of ballast water containing aquatic invasive species; historical use of antifoulants; oil and chemical spills; dry bulk cargo releases; garbage; underwater noise pollution; ship-strikes on marine megafauna; risk of ship grounding or sinkings; and widespread sediment contamination of ports during trans-shipment or ship breaking activities. Commercial vessels that do not conduct ballast water exchange, in accordance with International Convention Ballast Water Management, will endager the environment of ports. In this study, investigation of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) and nutrients (NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4 and SiO4) contents in ballast waters of three commercial ships entering the Tobruk port, along the Tobruk Gulf. High concentration levels were observed in all samples which were the main source of high heavey metals concentration of coastal waters of Tobruk Gulf. These results were confirmed by determination of nutrients concentration which were also found in high concentrations levels compared with reference sample. Results showed that in a long term the ballast water has the potential to change the chemical quality in marine environments, and it should treated before discharge in coastal areas, as well as the unpolluted of ballast waters should be loaded.
VL  - 4
IS  - 4
ER  -

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