Elevated blood pressure in children is a worldwide problem, constitute as major, often overlooked, public health problem in many countries. Normal blood pressure value in children varies based on age, sex and body height which available in standardized table. Measurement of blood pressure is crucial and needed to be done at least once a year in every child with risk factors. Risk factors for elevated blood pressure includes family history of hypertension, salt intake, physical activity, stress level and obesity. Therefore we aimed to determine risk factors for elevated blood pressure among children in Tulikup village Bali. This observational analytic study with cross-sectional design, was conducted in children age 1-18 years old whom visit child health community service program in Tulikup. We collected data from 81 children, age range from 1 to 13 years old, with median age was 4 years old. Data was collected by using questionnaire and physical examination. This study was dominated by female and elevated blood pressure (11.1%). On the other hand, nutritional status were both equal between well-nourished status and mild nutrition (44.4%). Multivariate analysis showed two factors associated with elevated blood pressure such as family history of hypertension with p=0.045 (OR 8.89; 95% CI 1.05-75.29) and excessive salt intake with p=0.046 (OR 5.24; 95% CI 1.02-26.77). Therefore risk factors such as family history of hypertension and excessive salt intake, significantly cause elevated blood pressure in children.
| Published in | American Journal of Pediatrics (Volume 7, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12 |
| Page(s) | 100-104 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Children, Blood Pressure, Elevated Blood Pressure, Hypertension
| [1] | Zhang T, Harville E, Bazzano, He Jiang, Chen w. (2017). Can pediatric hypertension criteria be simplified? A Prediction Analysis of Subclinical Cardiovascular Outcomes from fhe Bogalusa Heart Study. Hypertension. 69 (4): 691-6. |
| [2] | Riley M, Bluhm B. (2012). High blood pressure in children and adolescents. Am Fam Physician. 85 (7): 693-700. |
| [3] | Chirag B, Chavda J, Kakkad KM, Damor P. (2013). A study of prevalence of hypertension in school children. Gujarat Medical Journal. 68 (2): 79-81. |
| [4] | Noubiap JJ, Essouma M, Bigna JJ, Jingi AM, Aminde LN, Nansseu JR. (2017). Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2 (8): 375-86. |
| [5] | Haris S, Dimiati H, Anwar MS. (2013). Profil hipertensi pada anak di RSUD Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh. Sari Pediatri. 15 (2): 105-10. |
| [6] | Flynn, Joseph T, Kaelber DC, Carissa MB, Blowey D, Aaron E, et al. (2017). Clinical practice guidelines for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics. 140: 74. |
| [7] | Dewi R, Ramayanti R, Rosdiana N, Ramayani OR, Siregar R, Siregar B. (2019). Waist circumference, body mass index, and skinfold thickness as potential risk factors for high blood pressure in adolescent. Pediatr indones. 59 (2): 79-86. |
| [8] | Wati DK, Yuliatni CD, Dinata MK, Nilawati GAP, Widiana GR, Sutawan IBR, et al. (2019). Child blood pressure profile in Bali, Indonesia. Maced J Med Sci. 7 (12): 1962-67. |
| [9] | Saing JH. (2005). Hipertensi pada remaja. Sari Pediatri. 6 (4): 159-65. |
| [10] | Pungky AK, Damanik MP. (2006). Hipertensi pada anak di RS Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta. Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat. 22 (3): 124-7. |
| [11] | Siverstein DM, Champoux E, Aviles DH, Vehaskari VM. (2006). Treatment of primary and secondary hypertension in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 21: 820-7. |
| [12] | Ban O, Ead A. (2013). Childhood hypertension and family history of hypertension in primary school children in Port Harcourt. Niger J Paed. 40 (2): 184-8. |
| [13] | Fuiano N, Luciano A, Pilotto L, Pietrobelli A. (2006). Overweight and hypertension: longitudinal study in school-aged children. Minerva Pediatr. 58: 451-9. |
| [14] | Genovesi S, Giussani M, Pieruzzi F, Vigorita F, Arcovio C, et al. (2005). Results of blood pressure screening in a population of school-aged children in the province of Milan: role of overweight. J Hypertens. 23: 493-7. |
| [15] | Song P, Zhang Y, yu J, Zha M, et al. (2019). Global prevalence of hypertension in children a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr. 173 (12): 1154-63. |
| [16] | Liang X, Xiao L, Luo Y, Xu J. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of childhood hypertension in urban-rural areas of China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Hypertens. 12: 1-18. |
| [17] | Basiratnia M, Derakhshan D, Ajdari S, Saki F. (2013). Prevalence of childhood obesity and hypertension in south of Iran. Iran J Kidney Dis. 7: 282-8. |
| [18] | Dulskine V, Kuciene R, Medzioniene J, Benetis R. (2014). Association between obesity and high blood pressure among Lithuanian adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Italian Journal Pediatrics. 40 (1): 1-10. |
| [19] | Parker ED, Sinaiko AR, Kharbanda EO, Margolis KL, Daley MF, et al. (2016). Change in weight status and development of hypertension. Pediatrics. 137 (3): 1-9. |
| [20] | Bilal M, Haseeb A, Saeed A, Saeed A, Ghaffar P. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among children attending outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. Cureus. 12 (5): 1-9. |
| [21] | Gomes RS, Quirino IS, Pereira RM, Vitor BM, et al. (2011). Primary versus secondary hypertension in children followed up at an outpatient tertiary unit. Pediatr nephrol. 26: 441-47. |
| [22] | Lava SA, Bianchetti MG, Simonetti GD. (2014). Salt intake in children and its consequences on blood pressure. Pediatr Nephrol. 17: 1-8. |
| [23] | Leyvraz M, Chatelan A, Costa BR, Taffe P, et al. (2018). Sodium intake and blood pressure in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental and observational studies. International Journal of Epidemiology.; 47 (6): 1796-1810. |
| [24] | He FJ, Marrero NM, MacGregor GA. (2008). Salt and blood pressure in children and adolescents. Journal of human hypertension. 22: 4-11. |
| [25] | Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. (2008). The eefect of exercise on resting blood pressure in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Prev Cardiol. 6 (1): 8-16. |
APA Style
Christin Natalia Kalembang, Gusti Ayu Putu Nilawati, Bagus Ngurah Mahakrishna. (2021). Risk Factor of Elevated Blood Pressure Among Children in Tulikup Village, Bali. American Journal of Pediatrics, 7(3), 100-104. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12
ACS Style
Christin Natalia Kalembang; Gusti Ayu Putu Nilawati; Bagus Ngurah Mahakrishna. Risk Factor of Elevated Blood Pressure Among Children in Tulikup Village, Bali. Am. J. Pediatr. 2021, 7(3), 100-104. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12
AMA Style
Christin Natalia Kalembang, Gusti Ayu Putu Nilawati, Bagus Ngurah Mahakrishna. Risk Factor of Elevated Blood Pressure Among Children in Tulikup Village, Bali. Am J Pediatr. 2021;7(3):100-104. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12,
author = {Christin Natalia Kalembang and Gusti Ayu Putu Nilawati and Bagus Ngurah Mahakrishna},
title = {Risk Factor of Elevated Blood Pressure Among Children in Tulikup Village, Bali},
journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {100-104},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20210703.12},
abstract = {Elevated blood pressure in children is a worldwide problem, constitute as major, often overlooked, public health problem in many countries. Normal blood pressure value in children varies based on age, sex and body height which available in standardized table. Measurement of blood pressure is crucial and needed to be done at least once a year in every child with risk factors. Risk factors for elevated blood pressure includes family history of hypertension, salt intake, physical activity, stress level and obesity. Therefore we aimed to determine risk factors for elevated blood pressure among children in Tulikup village Bali. This observational analytic study with cross-sectional design, was conducted in children age 1-18 years old whom visit child health community service program in Tulikup. We collected data from 81 children, age range from 1 to 13 years old, with median age was 4 years old. Data was collected by using questionnaire and physical examination. This study was dominated by female and elevated blood pressure (11.1%). On the other hand, nutritional status were both equal between well-nourished status and mild nutrition (44.4%). Multivariate analysis showed two factors associated with elevated blood pressure such as family history of hypertension with p=0.045 (OR 8.89; 95% CI 1.05-75.29) and excessive salt intake with p=0.046 (OR 5.24; 95% CI 1.02-26.77). Therefore risk factors such as family history of hypertension and excessive salt intake, significantly cause elevated blood pressure in children.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Risk Factor of Elevated Blood Pressure Among Children in Tulikup Village, Bali AU - Christin Natalia Kalembang AU - Gusti Ayu Putu Nilawati AU - Bagus Ngurah Mahakrishna Y1 - 2021/06/23 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12 T2 - American Journal of Pediatrics JF - American Journal of Pediatrics JO - American Journal of Pediatrics SP - 100 EP - 104 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2472-0909 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20210703.12 AB - Elevated blood pressure in children is a worldwide problem, constitute as major, often overlooked, public health problem in many countries. Normal blood pressure value in children varies based on age, sex and body height which available in standardized table. Measurement of blood pressure is crucial and needed to be done at least once a year in every child with risk factors. Risk factors for elevated blood pressure includes family history of hypertension, salt intake, physical activity, stress level and obesity. Therefore we aimed to determine risk factors for elevated blood pressure among children in Tulikup village Bali. This observational analytic study with cross-sectional design, was conducted in children age 1-18 years old whom visit child health community service program in Tulikup. We collected data from 81 children, age range from 1 to 13 years old, with median age was 4 years old. Data was collected by using questionnaire and physical examination. This study was dominated by female and elevated blood pressure (11.1%). On the other hand, nutritional status were both equal between well-nourished status and mild nutrition (44.4%). Multivariate analysis showed two factors associated with elevated blood pressure such as family history of hypertension with p=0.045 (OR 8.89; 95% CI 1.05-75.29) and excessive salt intake with p=0.046 (OR 5.24; 95% CI 1.02-26.77). Therefore risk factors such as family history of hypertension and excessive salt intake, significantly cause elevated blood pressure in children. VL - 7 IS - 3 ER -
Information
Email: