Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury; Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury, Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman

Published in American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business (Volume 7, Issue 4)

Received: 6 August 2021 Accepted: 20 August 2021 Published: 30 October 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This paper tries to investigate the determinants of profitability for Bangladeshi private commercial banks. The return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are two important variables that have been used in this study to indicate profitability. The study considered a set of independent variables such as bank-specific factors that comprise bank size, capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity, deposits, asset management, operational efficiency; and macroeconomic factors such as GDP growth rate, inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate. The data for 25 private commercial banks from Bangladesh over the period of 2012 to 2019 have been analyzed. Overall, the findings are satisfactory. The capital adequacy ratio, asset management ratio and GDP growth rate are found to have significant positive impact on ROA and ROE of the private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The asset quality, liquidity and deposit ratios also have a significant positive impact on ROE; and an insignificant positive impact on ROA. The cost to income ratio and bank size both have a negative association with ROA and ROE. These imply some sort of scale inefficiencies and problems in minimizing costs associated with increasing equity. The conclusion prioritizes that the financial sector authority in Bangladesh should continue their current role towards having a sustainable banking industry and thus having the economic growth, welfare and prosperity of the nation.

Published in	American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11
Page(s)	72-80
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Commercial Banks, Profitability, Bangladesh, Private Commercial Banks

References

[1]	Abate, T. W., & Mesfin, E. A. (2019). Factors Affecting the Profitability of Private Commercial Banks in Ethiopia. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6 (1).
[2]	Abel, S., & Roux, P. Le. (2016). Determinants of Banking Sector Profitability in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6 (3), 845–854. http:www.econjournals.com.
[3]	Ahamed, M. M. (2017). Asset quality, non-interest income, and bank profitability: Evidence from Indian banks. Economic Modelling, 63, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.01.016.
[4]	Al-Homaidi, E. A., Tabash, M. I., Farhan, N. H. S., & Almaqtari, F. A. (2018). Bank-specific and macro-economic determinants of profitability of Indian commercial banks: A panel data approach. Cogent Economics and Finance, 6 (1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1548072.
[5]	Alharbi, A. T. (2017). Determinants of Islamic banks’ profitability: international evidence. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 10 (3), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-12-2015-0161.
[6]	Almaqtari, F. A., Al-Homaidi, E. A., Tabash, M. I., & Farhan, N. H. (2018). The determinants of profitability of Indian commercial banks: A panel data approach. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1655.
[7]	Alshatti, A. S. (2016). Determinants of banks’ profitability - The case of Jordan. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13 (1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(1).2016.08.
[8]	Bangladesh Bank. (2021). Banks & FIs. https://www.bb.org.bd/en/index.php/financialactivity/bankfi#:~:text=There are 61 scheduled banks, and Bank Company Act%2C 1991.
[9]	Bapat, D. (2017). Profitability drivers for Indian banks: a dynamic panel data analysis. Eurasian Business Review, 8 (4), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-017-0096-2.
[10]	Batten, J., & Vo, X. V. (2019). Determinants of Bank Profitability—Evidence from Vietnam. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55 (6). https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1524326.
[11]	Bojare, K., & Romanova, I. (2017). The Factors Affecting the Profitability of Banks: The Case of Latvia. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 5 (4), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/753.
[12]	Bongini, P., Cucinelli, D., Battista, M. L. Di, & Nieri, L. (2019). Profitability shocks and recovery in time of crisis evidence from European banks. Finance Research Letters, 30 (September 2018), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2018.10.003.
[13]	Bose, S., Saha, A., Khan, H. Z., & Islam, S. (2017). Non-financial disclosure and market-based firm performance: The initiation of financial inclusion. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 13 (3), 263–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2017.09.006.
[14]	Bougatef, K. (2017). Determinants of bank profitability in Tunisia: does corruption matter? Journal of Money Laundering Control, 20 (1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2015-0044.
[15]	Bouzgarrou, H., Jouida, S., & Louhichi, W. (2017). Bank profitability during and before the financial crisis: Domestic versus foreign banks. Research in International Business and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.05.011.
[16]	Bucevska, V., & Misheva, B. H. (2017). The Determinants of Profitability in the Banking Industry: Empirical Research on Selected Balkan Countries. Eastern European Economics, 55 (2), 146–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2016.1260473.
[17]	Chowdhury, M. A. F., & Rashid, M. E. S. M. (2017). Determinants of Performance of Islamic Banks in GCC Countries: Dynamic GMM Approach. Advances in Islamic Finance, Marketing, and Management, 49–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/9781786358981.
[18]	de Mendonça, H. F., & Silva, R. B. da. (2018). Effect of banking and macroeconomic variables on systemic risk: An application of ΔCOVAR for an emerging economy. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 43, 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2017.10.011.
[19]	Djalilov, K., & Piesse, J. (2016). Determinants of bank profitability in transition countries: What matters most? Research in International Business and Finance, 38, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2016.03.015.
[20]	Ebenezer, O. O., Oman, W. A. W. Bin, & Kamil, S. (2017). Bank Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Commercial Bank Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486), 6 (1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v6i1.627.
[21]	Fidanoski, F., Choudhry, M., Davidovic, M., & Sergi, B. (2016). What does affect profitability of banks in Croatia? Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal.
[22]	Garcia, M. T. M., & Guerreiro, J. P. S. M. (2016). Internal and external determinants of banks’ profitability: The Portuguese case. Journal of Economic Studies, 43 (1), 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-09-2014-0166.
[23]	Haris, M., Yao, H., Tariq, G., Malik, A., & Javaid, H. (2019). Intellectual Capital Performance and Profitability of Banks: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12 (2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020056.
[24]	Hasan, M. S. A., Manurung, A. H., & Usman, B. (2020). Determinants of Bank Profitability with Size as Moderating Variable. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 10 (1), 153–166. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339434242.
[25]	Hirindukawshala, K. (2017). The Factors Effecting on Bank Profitability. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 7 (2). www.ijsrp.org.
[26]	Islam, A., Sarker, N. I., Rahman, M., Sultana, A., & Prodhan, A. S. (2017). Determinants of Profitability of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh. International Journal of Banking and Fnancial Law, 1 (1).
[27]	Islam, M. S., & Nishiyama, S.-I. (2016). The Determinants of Bank Profitability: Dynamic Panel Evidence from South Asian Countries. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 6 (3). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319036158.
[28]	Kapaya, S. M., & Raphael, G. (2016). Bank-specific, Industry-specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Banks Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Tanzania. International Finance and Banking, 3 (2), 100–119. https://doi.org/10.5296/ifb.v3i2.9847.
[29]	Kassem, N. M., & Sakr, A. (2018). The Impact of Bank-Specific Characteristics on the Profitability of Commercial Banks in Egypt. Journal of Finance and Bank Management, 6 (2), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.15640/jfbm.v6n2a8.
[30]	Le, T. (2016). The determinants of commercial bank profitability in Vietnam. SSRN Electronic Journal.
[31]	Le, T. D., & Ngo, T. (2020). The determinants of bank profitability: A cross-country analysis. Central Bank Review, 20 (2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbrev.2020.04.001.
[32]	Mehta, A., & Bhavani, G. (2017). What Determines Banks’ Profitability? Evidence from Emerging Markets—the Case of the UAE Banking Sector. Accounting and Finance Research, 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.5430/afr.v6n1p77.
[33]	Menicucci, E., & Paolucci, G. (2016). The determinants of bank profitability: empirical evidence from European banking sector. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 14 (1), 86–115. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfra-05-2015-0060.
[34]	Narwal, K. P., & Pathneja, S. (2016). Effect of bank-specific and governance-specific variables on the productivity and profitability of banks. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65 (8), 1057–1074. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-09-2015-0130.
[35]	Ozili, P. K. (2016). Bank Profitability and Capital Regulation: Evidence from Listed and non-Listed Banks in Africa. Journal of African Business, 18 (2), 143–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1247329.
[36]	Rahman, M. M., Hamid, M. K., & Khan, M. A. M. (2015). Determinants of Bank Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 10 (8), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n8p135.
[37]	Ramlan, H., & Adnan, M. S. (2016). The Profitability of Islamic and Conventional Bank: Case Study in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)00044-7.
[38]	Robin, I., Salim, R., & Bloch, H. (2018). Financial performance of commercial banks in the post-reform era: Further evidence from Bangladesh. Economic Analysis and Policy, 58, 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2018.01.001.
[39]	Sahyouni, A., & Wang, M. (2018). The Determinants of Bank Profitability: Does Liquidity Creation Matter? Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, 2 (2), 61–85. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3125714.
[40]	Saima, J., & Alalawi, S. (2018). Performance and Profitability of Islamic Banks in Saudi Arabia: An Empirical Analysis. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 8 (1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2018.81.38.51.
[41]	Salike, N., & Ao, B. (2017). Determinants of bank’s profitability: role of poor asset quality in Asia. China Finance Review International. https://doi.org/10.1108/CFRI-10-2016-0118.
[42]	Shah, M. H., & Khan, S. (2017). Factors Effecting Commercial Banks Profitability in Pakistan. Journal of Business and Tourism, 3 (1), 1–12.
[43]	Sufian, F., & Habibullah, M. S. (2009). Determinants of bank profitability in a developing economy: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 10 (3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.3846/1611-1699.2009.10.207-217.
[44]	Tan, Y. (2016). The impacts of risk and competition on bank profitability in China. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 40, 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2015.09.003.
[45]	Tan, Y., Floros, C., & Anchor, J. (2017). The proftability of Chinese banks: Impacts of risk, competition and efficiency. Review of Accounting and Finance, 16 (1), 86–105. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAF-05-2015-0072.
[46]	Topak, M. S., & Talu, N. H. (2017). Bank Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Bank Profitability: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7 (2), 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971890720100107.
[47]	Vinh, N. T. H. (2017). The impact of non-performing loans on bank profitability and lending behavior: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Economic Development, 24 (3), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2017.24.3.06.
[48]	World Bank. (2021). Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/.
[49]	Yao, H., Haris, M., & Tariq, G. (2018). Profitability Determinants of Financial Institutions: Evidence from Banks in Pakistan. International Journal of Financial Studies, 6 (2), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6020053.
[50]	Yigermal, M. E. (2017). The Determinants of Private Commercial Banks Profitability: In the Case of Selected Ethiopian Private Banks. International Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 5 (1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijebo.20170501.15.
[51]	Yüksel, S., Mukhtarov, S., Mammadov, E., & Özsarı, M. (2018). Determinants of Profitability in the Banking Sector: An Analysis of Post-Soviet Countries. Economies, 6 (3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies6030041.
[52]	Zampara, K., Giannopoulos, M., & Koufopoulos, D. N. (2017). Macroeconomic and Industry-specific Determinants of Greek Bank Profitability. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research, 10 (1), 13–22.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury, Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman. (2021). Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business, 7(4), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury; Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman. Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Bus. 2021, 7(4), 72-80. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury, Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman. Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks. Am J Theor Appl Bus. 2021;7(4):72-80. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11,
  author = {Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury and Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman},
  title = {Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {72-80},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajtab.20210704.11},
  abstract = {This paper tries to investigate the determinants of profitability for Bangladeshi private commercial banks. The return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are two important variables that have been used in this study to indicate profitability. The study considered a set of independent variables such as bank-specific factors that comprise bank size, capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity, deposits, asset management, operational efficiency; and macroeconomic factors such as GDP growth rate, inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate. The data for 25 private commercial banks from Bangladesh over the period of 2012 to 2019 have been analyzed. Overall, the findings are satisfactory. The capital adequacy ratio, asset management ratio and GDP growth rate are found to have significant positive impact on ROA and ROE of the private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The asset quality, liquidity and deposit ratios also have a significant positive impact on ROE; and an insignificant positive impact on ROA. The cost to income ratio and bank size both have a negative association with ROA and ROE. These imply some sort of scale inefficiencies and problems in minimizing costs associated with increasing equity. The conclusion prioritizes that the financial sector authority in Bangladesh should continue their current role towards having a sustainable banking industry and thus having the economic growth, welfare and prosperity of the nation.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks
AU  - Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury
AU  - Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman
Y1  - 2021/10/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11
T2  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business
JF  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business
JO  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business
SP  - 72
EP  - 80
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7842
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11
AB  - This paper tries to investigate the determinants of profitability for Bangladeshi private commercial banks. The return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are two important variables that have been used in this study to indicate profitability. The study considered a set of independent variables such as bank-specific factors that comprise bank size, capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity, deposits, asset management, operational efficiency; and macroeconomic factors such as GDP growth rate, inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate. The data for 25 private commercial banks from Bangladesh over the period of 2012 to 2019 have been analyzed. Overall, the findings are satisfactory. The capital adequacy ratio, asset management ratio and GDP growth rate are found to have significant positive impact on ROA and ROE of the private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The asset quality, liquidity and deposit ratios also have a significant positive impact on ROE; and an insignificant positive impact on ROA. The cost to income ratio and bank size both have a negative association with ROA and ROE. These imply some sort of scale inefficiencies and problems in minimizing costs associated with increasing equity. The conclusion prioritizes that the financial sector authority in Bangladesh should continue their current role towards having a sustainable banking industry and thus having the economic growth, welfare and prosperity of the nation.
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury

Department of Business Administration, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman

Ignite Education – Institute of Research & Creative Learning, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury, Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman. (2021). Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business, 7(4), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury; Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman. Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Bus. 2021, 7(4), 72-80. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury, Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman. Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks. Am J Theor Appl Bus. 2021;7(4):72-80. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11,
  author = {Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury and Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman},
  title = {Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {72-80},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajtab.20210704.11},
  abstract = {This paper tries to investigate the determinants of profitability for Bangladeshi private commercial banks. The return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are two important variables that have been used in this study to indicate profitability. The study considered a set of independent variables such as bank-specific factors that comprise bank size, capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity, deposits, asset management, operational efficiency; and macroeconomic factors such as GDP growth rate, inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate. The data for 25 private commercial banks from Bangladesh over the period of 2012 to 2019 have been analyzed. Overall, the findings are satisfactory. The capital adequacy ratio, asset management ratio and GDP growth rate are found to have significant positive impact on ROA and ROE of the private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The asset quality, liquidity and deposit ratios also have a significant positive impact on ROE; and an insignificant positive impact on ROA. The cost to income ratio and bank size both have a negative association with ROA and ROE. These imply some sort of scale inefficiencies and problems in minimizing costs associated with increasing equity. The conclusion prioritizes that the financial sector authority in Bangladesh should continue their current role towards having a sustainable banking industry and thus having the economic growth, welfare and prosperity of the nation.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Bank-specific & Macroeconomic Determinants of Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Bangladeshi Private Commercial Banks
AU  - Mosaddak Ahmed Chowdhury
AU  - Md. Abdul Gaffar Salman
Y1  - 2021/10/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11
T2  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business
JF  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business
JO  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business
SP  - 72
EP  - 80
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7842
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtab.20210704.11
AB  - This paper tries to investigate the determinants of profitability for Bangladeshi private commercial banks. The return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are two important variables that have been used in this study to indicate profitability. The study considered a set of independent variables such as bank-specific factors that comprise bank size, capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity, deposits, asset management, operational efficiency; and macroeconomic factors such as GDP growth rate, inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate. The data for 25 private commercial banks from Bangladesh over the period of 2012 to 2019 have been analyzed. Overall, the findings are satisfactory. The capital adequacy ratio, asset management ratio and GDP growth rate are found to have significant positive impact on ROA and ROE of the private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The asset quality, liquidity and deposit ratios also have a significant positive impact on ROE; and an insignificant positive impact on ROA. The cost to income ratio and bank size both have a negative association with ROA and ROE. These imply some sort of scale inefficiencies and problems in minimizing costs associated with increasing equity. The conclusion prioritizes that the financial sector authority in Bangladesh should continue their current role towards having a sustainable banking industry and thus having the economic growth, welfare and prosperity of the nation.
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download