Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane

Vladimir Zlotopolski

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12

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Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane

Vladimir Zlotopolski

Published in American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 2)

Received: 16 May 2017 Accepted: 20 June 2017 Published: 21 July 2017

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Abstract

Magnetic water treatment devices (MWT), while attractive because of their safety, simplicity, environmental friendliness and effectiveness in agriculture have been difficult to assess scientifically because a single, generally accepted, repeatable and measurable indicator of their decree of impact on the physical properties of water, has not been discovered. Experimental results have shown that MWT offers many agricultural benefits and that magnetically-treated water can more easily penetrate various media such as membranes, which are generally considered excellent proxies for plant cell walls. This study evaluated how MWT changes permeability through a semi-permeable membrane, how that change is impacted by flow velocity and proposed membrane permeability as a reliable indicator of MWT effectiveness. Results obtained from this study indicated that MWT changed permeability through a semi-permeable membrane and these changes depended on water flow velocity. Results further indicated that the permeability differential in the MWT treatment group decreased by almost 9% at low-flow velocities (laminar regime; Re<1000) to 2.3% at the high-flow velocities, compared to control (turbulent regime; Re>4000). At low-flow velocities, the electro-conductivity of MWT and the control group were statistically different at p ≤ 0.01. However, at higher-flow velocities, the difference between MWT and the control group was smaller and a statistically sufficient level was reached only at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.10. The differences observed between the low, and high-flow velocity treatment groups was somewhat expected as high flow rates reduce the retention time of water in the treatment area and thus reduces the efficiency of magnetic treatment. These results also provide a clear indication that water has been impacted by MWT and demonstrate the degree that water has been impacted by MWT under various flow rates.

Published in	American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12
Page(s)	28-33
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Permeability, Magnetic Treatment, Water, Flow Velocity

References

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Vladimir Zlotopolski. (2017). Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 3(2), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12

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ACS Style

Vladimir Zlotopolski. Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2017, 3(2), 28-33. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12

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AMA Style

Vladimir Zlotopolski. Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2017;3(2):28-33. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12,
  author = {Vladimir Zlotopolski},
  title = {Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {28-33},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20170302.12},
  abstract = {Magnetic water treatment devices (MWT), while attractive because of their safety, simplicity, environmental friendliness and effectiveness in agriculture have been difficult to assess scientifically because a single, generally accepted, repeatable and measurable indicator of their decree of impact on the physical properties of water, has not been discovered. Experimental results have shown that MWT offers many agricultural benefits and that magnetically-treated water can more easily penetrate various media such as membranes, which are generally considered excellent proxies for plant cell walls. This study evaluated how MWT changes permeability through a semi-permeable membrane, how that change is impacted by flow velocity and proposed membrane permeability as a reliable indicator of MWT effectiveness. Results obtained from this study indicated that MWT changed permeability through a semi-permeable membrane and these changes depended on water flow velocity. Results further indicated that the permeability differential in the MWT treatment group decreased by almost 9% at low-flow velocities (laminar regime; Re<1000) to 2.3% at the high-flow velocities, compared to control (turbulent regime; Re>4000). At low-flow velocities, the electro-conductivity of MWT and the control group were statistically different at p ≤ 0.01. However, at higher-flow velocities, the difference between MWT and the control group was smaller and a statistically sufficient level was reached only at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.10. The differences observed between the low, and high-flow velocity treatment groups was somewhat expected as high flow rates reduce the retention time of water in the treatment area and thus reduces the efficiency of magnetic treatment. These results also provide a clear indication that water has been impacted by MWT and demonstrate the degree that water has been impacted by MWT under various flow rates.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane
AU  - Vladimir Zlotopolski
Y1  - 2017/07/21
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 28
EP  - 33
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12
AB  - Magnetic water treatment devices (MWT), while attractive because of their safety, simplicity, environmental friendliness and effectiveness in agriculture have been difficult to assess scientifically because a single, generally accepted, repeatable and measurable indicator of their decree of impact on the physical properties of water, has not been discovered. Experimental results have shown that MWT offers many agricultural benefits and that magnetically-treated water can more easily penetrate various media such as membranes, which are generally considered excellent proxies for plant cell walls. This study evaluated how MWT changes permeability through a semi-permeable membrane, how that change is impacted by flow velocity and proposed membrane permeability as a reliable indicator of MWT effectiveness. Results obtained from this study indicated that MWT changed permeability through a semi-permeable membrane and these changes depended on water flow velocity. Results further indicated that the permeability differential in the MWT treatment group decreased by almost 9% at low-flow velocities (laminar regime; Re<1000) to 2.3% at the high-flow velocities, compared to control (turbulent regime; Re>4000). At low-flow velocities, the electro-conductivity of MWT and the control group were statistically different at p ≤ 0.01. However, at higher-flow velocities, the difference between MWT and the control group was smaller and a statistically sufficient level was reached only at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.10. The differences observed between the low, and high-flow velocity treatment groups was somewhat expected as high flow rates reduce the retention time of water in the treatment area and thus reduces the efficiency of magnetic treatment. These results also provide a clear indication that water has been impacted by MWT and demonstrate the degree that water has been impacted by MWT under various flow rates.
VL  - 3
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Vladimir Zlotopolski

United Research Labs, San Marcos, USA

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Vladimir Zlotopolski. (2017). Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 3(2), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12

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ACS Style

Vladimir Zlotopolski. Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2017, 3(2), 28-33. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12

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AMA Style

Vladimir Zlotopolski. Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2017;3(2):28-33. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12,
  author = {Vladimir Zlotopolski},
  title = {Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {28-33},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20170302.12},
  abstract = {Magnetic water treatment devices (MWT), while attractive because of their safety, simplicity, environmental friendliness and effectiveness in agriculture have been difficult to assess scientifically because a single, generally accepted, repeatable and measurable indicator of their decree of impact on the physical properties of water, has not been discovered. Experimental results have shown that MWT offers many agricultural benefits and that magnetically-treated water can more easily penetrate various media such as membranes, which are generally considered excellent proxies for plant cell walls. This study evaluated how MWT changes permeability through a semi-permeable membrane, how that change is impacted by flow velocity and proposed membrane permeability as a reliable indicator of MWT effectiveness. Results obtained from this study indicated that MWT changed permeability through a semi-permeable membrane and these changes depended on water flow velocity. Results further indicated that the permeability differential in the MWT treatment group decreased by almost 9% at low-flow velocities (laminar regime; Re<1000) to 2.3% at the high-flow velocities, compared to control (turbulent regime; Re>4000). At low-flow velocities, the electro-conductivity of MWT and the control group were statistically different at p ≤ 0.01. However, at higher-flow velocities, the difference between MWT and the control group was smaller and a statistically sufficient level was reached only at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.10. The differences observed between the low, and high-flow velocity treatment groups was somewhat expected as high flow rates reduce the retention time of water in the treatment area and thus reduces the efficiency of magnetic treatment. These results also provide a clear indication that water has been impacted by MWT and demonstrate the degree that water has been impacted by MWT under various flow rates.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Water Permeability Through a Semi-Permeable Membrane
AU  - Vladimir Zlotopolski
Y1  - 2017/07/21
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 28
EP  - 33
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170302.12
AB  - Magnetic water treatment devices (MWT), while attractive because of their safety, simplicity, environmental friendliness and effectiveness in agriculture have been difficult to assess scientifically because a single, generally accepted, repeatable and measurable indicator of their decree of impact on the physical properties of water, has not been discovered. Experimental results have shown that MWT offers many agricultural benefits and that magnetically-treated water can more easily penetrate various media such as membranes, which are generally considered excellent proxies for plant cell walls. This study evaluated how MWT changes permeability through a semi-permeable membrane, how that change is impacted by flow velocity and proposed membrane permeability as a reliable indicator of MWT effectiveness. Results obtained from this study indicated that MWT changed permeability through a semi-permeable membrane and these changes depended on water flow velocity. Results further indicated that the permeability differential in the MWT treatment group decreased by almost 9% at low-flow velocities (laminar regime; Re<1000) to 2.3% at the high-flow velocities, compared to control (turbulent regime; Re>4000). At low-flow velocities, the electro-conductivity of MWT and the control group were statistically different at p ≤ 0.01. However, at higher-flow velocities, the difference between MWT and the control group was smaller and a statistically sufficient level was reached only at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.10. The differences observed between the low, and high-flow velocity treatment groups was somewhat expected as high flow rates reduce the retention time of water in the treatment area and thus reduces the efficiency of magnetic treatment. These results also provide a clear indication that water has been impacted by MWT and demonstrate the degree that water has been impacted by MWT under various flow rates.
VL  - 3
IS  - 2
ER  -

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