Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (<i>Simulium damnosum</i>) in Delta State, Nigeria

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe; Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga; Jacob Edijana Ighere

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13

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Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe, Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga, Jacob Edijana Ighere

Published in American Journal of Zoology (Volume 3, Issue 4)

Received: 8 August 2020 Accepted: 24 August 2020 Published: 18 January 2021

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Abstract

The black fly (Simulium damnosum) is the vector of onchocerciasis which is currently regarded as one of the neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria. Current global climate changes are being said to influence the distribution and the rate of spread of this disease vector. This research was conducted to identify the current habitat distribution of two cytospecies of the adult Simulium fly in Delta State, Nigeria. Adult black flies were caught using human attractants each day at the peak biting periods of morning and dusk once weekly; over a period of one year from three local government areas in Delta state. The trapped species were described and classified in situ using standard morphological keys and the collected data were analyzed statistically to reflect the annual population dynamics and seasonal species distributions. A marked disparity in the spatio-temporal distribution of the caught Simulium was noticed in the different locations. Two species: the forest dwelling species (FDS) and savannah dwelling species (SDS) were identified. The FDS were more abundant than the SDS in the three studied locations: Aganiki Camp, Oshimili North LGA (Mean 59.8: 12.3; ±47.5), Ugbodu, Aniocha North LGA (Mean 45.1: 10.7; ±34.4) and Umute, Aniocha South LGA (Mean 27: 7.9; ±19.1). Aganiki Camp has the highest number of the flies (total=867; monthly Mean=72) followed by Ugbodu (total=669; with monthly Mean=55.8) and the least Umute (total=424; with a monthly Mean of 35). The species distribution was significant F=4.844, (P<0.05). The average monthly population was 163; the distribution peaked in August (242) and ebbed in March (110). Overall, the FDS (Mean=132.3) were more abundant than the SDS (Mean=30.9); with a range value of ±101.4. It is critical that two cytospecies of the Simulium fly: FDS and SDS exist in the study area with significant presence all the year round. This will predictably make the transmission occurrence and intensity of the disease an annual event and therefore has the implications for a strengthened all the year round preventive measures and sustainable intervention approaches.

Published in	American Journal of Zoology (Volume 3, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13
Page(s)	78-83
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Aniocha North, Aniocha South, Oshimili North, Forest Dwelling, Savannah Dwelling, Cytospecies

References

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[2]	O. P. G. Nmorsi, I. A. A. Oladokun, A. O. Egwuyenga. and E. Oscha, (2002): Eye Lesions and Onchocerciasis in a Rural farm Settlement in Delta state, Nigeria. Southeast Asian J Tropical med Public Heath, 33, 1.
[3]	M. O. Emina, and C. E. Okaka (2004): Onchocerciasis in Okuetolo, a rural community in Delta State, Nigeria. S. Af. Option, 63 (3): 96–102.
[4]	WHO, 2000: Expert committee on malaria. Who technical report 2000: 735.
[5]	O. P. G. Nmorsi (1996): Principles of Parasitology. Pon Publ. Ltd. Ekpoma, Nigeria. 183 p.
[6]	D. A. BoakyeI. C. Back, G. K. Fiasorgbor, A P Sib, Y Coulibaly (1998). Sibling Species Distributions of the Simulium Damnosum Complex in the West African Onchocerciasis Control Programme Area During the Decade 1984-93, Med Vet Entomol. 1998 Oct; 12 (4): 345-58. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00118.x.
[7]	M. Isam, A. Zarroug, A. Elaagip, S. G. Gumaa, K. A. Altayeb, A. Ahmed, A. M. Hanaa Siam, S. Deena M. Abdelgadir, A. S. Olabanji, J. O. Olatunwa, D. A. Boakye, N. Aziz and K. Hashim (2019). Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern Sudan. BMC Infectious Diseases volume 19, Article number: 477.
[8]	P. J. Rory, R. A. Cheke, D. A. Boakye, M. D. Wilson, M. Y. Osei-Atweneboana, A. Tetteh-Kumah, H. L. Poppy HL L., J. L. Crainey, L. Yaméogo and B. María-Gloria (2013). Stability and change in the distribution of cytospecies of the Simulium damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in southern Ghana from 1971 to 2011 Parasites & Vectors volume 6, Article number: 205.
[9]	K. N. Opara, O. B. Fagbemi, A. Ekwe, and D. M. N. Okenu (2005): Status of Forest Onchocerciasis in the lower Cross Rier basin, Nigeria: Entomologic profile after five years of Ivermectin Intervention. The American Society of Tropical Medicine Aug; 73 (2), 371–6.
[10]	NMPNTD, (2013). Nigeria Master Plan for Negleted Tropical Diseases-NTDS: 2013-2017. http://www.bmg.am/neglected Retrieved November, 2017.
[11]	B. E. B Nwoke, L. D. Edungbola, B. S. Mencias, A. J. Njoku, F. O. Nduka, and R. M. Oguariri, (1994): Human onchocerriasis in the rain forest Zone of south eastern Nigeria. 1. Rapid Assessment methods for community diagnosis in the Imo River basin. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 15, pp. 7-18.
[12]	J. O. Onojafe (2016). Aspects of Epidemiology of Human Onchocerciasis in Three Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria: Being a Ph. D Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal and Environmental Studies, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
[13]	Directorate of Lands and Surveys, Delta State Nigeria Govemors Office, Asaba (2017).
[14]	M. D. Wilson, H. B. Mafuya, and R. D. Post (1994): Morphological Identification of Siblingspecies of the Simulium damnosum (Diptera: Simulidae) complex from Nigeria, Cameroon and Bioko. Proceeding of the section of Expermental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands. N. E. V. Amsterdam, 5: 181–185.
[15]	R. Crosskey, (1995): The Natural History of Black flies. West Sussex, England; John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
[16]	C. E. Mbah and I. H. Nock, (2003): Effects of some Hydrophysico-chemical factors on the Distribution of Smuliids in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Entomology, 20: 6173.
[17]	A. Ogunrinade, D. Boakye A. Merriweather and T. R. Unnasch (1999): Distribution of the Blinding and Nonbliding strains of Onchocerca volvulus in Nigeria. The Journal of infections Diseases; 179: 1577-1579.

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APA Style

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe, Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga, Jacob Edijana Ighere. (2021). Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria. American Journal of Zoology, 3(4), 78-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13

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ACS Style

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe; Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga; Jacob Edijana Ighere. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria. Am. J. Zool. 2021, 3(4), 78-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13

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AMA Style

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe, Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga, Jacob Edijana Ighere. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria. Am J Zool. 2021;3(4):78-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13,
  author = {Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe and Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga and Jacob Edijana Ighere},
  title = {Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Zoology},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {78-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajz.20200304.13},
  abstract = {The black fly (Simulium damnosum) is the vector of onchocerciasis which is currently regarded as one of the neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria. Current global climate changes are being said to influence the distribution and the rate of spread of this disease vector. This research was conducted to identify the current habitat distribution of two cytospecies of the adult Simulium fly in Delta State, Nigeria. Adult black flies were caught using human attractants each day at the peak biting periods of morning and dusk once weekly; over a period of one year from three local government areas in Delta state. The trapped species were described and classified in situ using standard morphological keys and the collected data were analyzed statistically to reflect the annual population dynamics and seasonal species distributions. A marked disparity in the spatio-temporal distribution of the caught Simulium was noticed in the different locations. Two species: the forest dwelling species (FDS) and savannah dwelling species (SDS) were identified. The FDS were more abundant than the SDS in the three studied locations: Aganiki Camp, Oshimili North LGA (Mean 59.8: 12.3; ±47.5), Ugbodu, Aniocha North LGA (Mean 45.1: 10.7; ±34.4) and Umute, Aniocha South LGA (Mean 27: 7.9; ±19.1). Aganiki Camp has the highest number of the flies (total=867; monthly Mean=72) followed by Ugbodu (total=669; with monthly Mean=55.8) and the least Umute (total=424; with a monthly Mean of 35). The species distribution was significant F=4.844, (P. The average monthly population was 163; the distribution peaked in August (242) and ebbed in March (110). Overall, the FDS (Mean=132.3) were more abundant than the SDS (Mean=30.9); with a range value of ±101.4. It is critical that two cytospecies of the Simulium fly: FDS and SDS exist in the study area with significant presence all the year round. This will predictably make the transmission occurrence and intensity of the disease an annual event and therefore has the implications for a strengthened all the year round preventive measures and sustainable intervention approaches.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria
AU  - Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe
AU  - Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga
AU  - Jacob Edijana Ighere
Y1  - 2021/01/18
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13
T2  - American Journal of Zoology
JF  - American Journal of Zoology
JO  - American Journal of Zoology
SP  - 78
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7413
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13
AB  - The black fly (Simulium damnosum) is the vector of onchocerciasis which is currently regarded as one of the neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria. Current global climate changes are being said to influence the distribution and the rate of spread of this disease vector. This research was conducted to identify the current habitat distribution of two cytospecies of the adult Simulium fly in Delta State, Nigeria. Adult black flies were caught using human attractants each day at the peak biting periods of morning and dusk once weekly; over a period of one year from three local government areas in Delta state. The trapped species were described and classified in situ using standard morphological keys and the collected data were analyzed statistically to reflect the annual population dynamics and seasonal species distributions. A marked disparity in the spatio-temporal distribution of the caught Simulium was noticed in the different locations. Two species: the forest dwelling species (FDS) and savannah dwelling species (SDS) were identified. The FDS were more abundant than the SDS in the three studied locations: Aganiki Camp, Oshimili North LGA (Mean 59.8: 12.3; ±47.5), Ugbodu, Aniocha North LGA (Mean 45.1: 10.7; ±34.4) and Umute, Aniocha South LGA (Mean 27: 7.9; ±19.1). Aganiki Camp has the highest number of the flies (total=867; monthly Mean=72) followed by Ugbodu (total=669; with monthly Mean=55.8) and the least Umute (total=424; with a monthly Mean of 35). The species distribution was significant F=4.844, (P. The average monthly population was 163; the distribution peaked in August (242) and ebbed in March (110). Overall, the FDS (Mean=132.3) were more abundant than the SDS (Mean=30.9); with a range value of ±101.4. It is critical that two cytospecies of the Simulium fly: FDS and SDS exist in the study area with significant presence all the year round. This will predictably make the transmission occurrence and intensity of the disease an annual event and therefore has the implications for a strengthened all the year round preventive measures and sustainable intervention approaches.
VL  - 3
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe

Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta state University, Abraka, Nigeria
Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga

Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta state University, Abraka, Nigeria
Jacob Edijana Ighere

School of Applied Science and Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara, Nigeria

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APA Style

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe, Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga, Jacob Edijana Ighere. (2021). Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria. American Journal of Zoology, 3(4), 78-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13

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ACS Style

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe; Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga; Jacob Edijana Ighere. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria. Am. J. Zool. 2021, 3(4), 78-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13

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AMA Style

Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe, Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga, Jacob Edijana Ighere. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria. Am J Zool. 2021;3(4):78-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13,
  author = {Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe and Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga and Jacob Edijana Ighere},
  title = {Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Zoology},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {78-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajz.20200304.13},
  abstract = {The black fly (Simulium damnosum) is the vector of onchocerciasis which is currently regarded as one of the neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria. Current global climate changes are being said to influence the distribution and the rate of spread of this disease vector. This research was conducted to identify the current habitat distribution of two cytospecies of the adult Simulium fly in Delta State, Nigeria. Adult black flies were caught using human attractants each day at the peak biting periods of morning and dusk once weekly; over a period of one year from three local government areas in Delta state. The trapped species were described and classified in situ using standard morphological keys and the collected data were analyzed statistically to reflect the annual population dynamics and seasonal species distributions. A marked disparity in the spatio-temporal distribution of the caught Simulium was noticed in the different locations. Two species: the forest dwelling species (FDS) and savannah dwelling species (SDS) were identified. The FDS were more abundant than the SDS in the three studied locations: Aganiki Camp, Oshimili North LGA (Mean 59.8: 12.3; ±47.5), Ugbodu, Aniocha North LGA (Mean 45.1: 10.7; ±34.4) and Umute, Aniocha South LGA (Mean 27: 7.9; ±19.1). Aganiki Camp has the highest number of the flies (total=867; monthly Mean=72) followed by Ugbodu (total=669; with monthly Mean=55.8) and the least Umute (total=424; with a monthly Mean of 35). The species distribution was significant F=4.844, (P. The average monthly population was 163; the distribution peaked in August (242) and ebbed in March (110). Overall, the FDS (Mean=132.3) were more abundant than the SDS (Mean=30.9); with a range value of ±101.4. It is critical that two cytospecies of the Simulium fly: FDS and SDS exist in the study area with significant presence all the year round. This will predictably make the transmission occurrence and intensity of the disease an annual event and therefore has the implications for a strengthened all the year round preventive measures and sustainable intervention approaches.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Two Cytospecies of Adult Host-Seeking Black Fly (Simulium damnosum) in Delta State, Nigeria
AU  - Joseph Oghenebukome Onojafe
AU  - Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga
AU  - Jacob Edijana Ighere
Y1  - 2021/01/18
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13
T2  - American Journal of Zoology
JF  - American Journal of Zoology
JO  - American Journal of Zoology
SP  - 78
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7413
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajz.20200304.13
AB  - The black fly (Simulium damnosum) is the vector of onchocerciasis which is currently regarded as one of the neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria. Current global climate changes are being said to influence the distribution and the rate of spread of this disease vector. This research was conducted to identify the current habitat distribution of two cytospecies of the adult Simulium fly in Delta State, Nigeria. Adult black flies were caught using human attractants each day at the peak biting periods of morning and dusk once weekly; over a period of one year from three local government areas in Delta state. The trapped species were described and classified in situ using standard morphological keys and the collected data were analyzed statistically to reflect the annual population dynamics and seasonal species distributions. A marked disparity in the spatio-temporal distribution of the caught Simulium was noticed in the different locations. Two species: the forest dwelling species (FDS) and savannah dwelling species (SDS) were identified. The FDS were more abundant than the SDS in the three studied locations: Aganiki Camp, Oshimili North LGA (Mean 59.8: 12.3; ±47.5), Ugbodu, Aniocha North LGA (Mean 45.1: 10.7; ±34.4) and Umute, Aniocha South LGA (Mean 27: 7.9; ±19.1). Aganiki Camp has the highest number of the flies (total=867; monthly Mean=72) followed by Ugbodu (total=669; with monthly Mean=55.8) and the least Umute (total=424; with a monthly Mean of 35). The species distribution was significant F=4.844, (P. The average monthly population was 163; the distribution peaked in August (242) and ebbed in March (110). Overall, the FDS (Mean=132.3) were more abundant than the SDS (Mean=30.9); with a range value of ±101.4. It is critical that two cytospecies of the Simulium fly: FDS and SDS exist in the study area with significant presence all the year round. This will predictably make the transmission occurrence and intensity of the disease an annual event and therefore has the implications for a strengthened all the year round preventive measures and sustainable intervention approaches.
VL  - 3
IS  - 4
ER  -

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