Sarcopenia is an age-related condition characterized by low muscle mass and low physical performance. Several groups have established diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, which include usual gait speed, skeletal muscle mass and grip strength. In this article, we summarize these criteria, pathogenesis, epidemiology, related conditions and possible interventions for sarcopenia.
Published in | Biomedical Sciences (Volume 1, Issue 2) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11 |
Page(s) | 10-17 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Sarcopenia, Frailty, Vitamin D, Testosterone, Nutrition, Inflammation
[1] | Morley JE. Sarcopenia in the elderly. Fam Pract. 2012;29 Suppl 1:i44-i48. |
[2] | Kemmler W, von Stengel S, Engelke K, Haberle L, Mayhew JL, Kalender WA. Exercise, body composition, and functional ability: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38:279-287. |
[3] | Kim TN, Choi KM. Sarcopenia: definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. J Bone Metab. 2013;20:1-10. |
[4] | Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1997;127:990S-991S. |
[5] | Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412-423. |
[6] | von Haehling S, Morley JE, Anker SD. An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1:129-133. |
[7] | Doherty TJ. Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95:1717-1727. |
[8] | Murray MP, Duthie EH, Jr., Gambert SR, Sepic SB, Mollinger LA. Age-related differences in knee muscle strength in normal women. J Gerontol. 1985;40:275-280. |
[9] | Murray MP, Gardner GM, Mollinger LA, Sepic SB. Strength of isometric and isokinetic contractions: knee muscles of men aged 20 to 86. Phys Ther. 1980;60:412-419. |
[10] | Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Iniesta R, Gil-Guerrero L. Sarcopenia in the elderly: diagnosis, physiopathology and treatment. Maturitas. 2012;71:109-114. |
[11] | Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity. J Nutr. 1993;123:465-468. |
[12] | Sonntag WE, Ramsey M, Carter CS. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and their influence on cognitive aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2005;4:195-212. |
[13] | Glass DJ. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37:1974-1984. |
[14] | Rasmussen BB, Fujita S, Wolfe RR, Mittendorfer B, Roy M, Rowe VL, Volpi E. Insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism in aging. FASEB J. 2006;20:768-769. |
[15] | Basualto-Alarcon C, Varela D, Duran J, Maass R, Estrada M. Sarcopenia and Androgens: A Link between Pathology and Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:217. |
[16] | Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, Johannes CB, Araujo AB, Coviello AD, Bremner WJ, McKinlay JB. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:589-598. |
[17] | Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM, 3rd, Patrick P, Morley PM, Stauber PM, Vellas B, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ. Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism. 1997;46:410-413. |
[18] | Morley JE, Perry HM, 3rd. Androgens and women at the menopause and beyond. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58:M409-416. |
[19] | Urban RJ, Bodenburg YH, Gilkison C, Foxworth J, Coggan AR, Wolfe RR, Ferrando A. Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol. 1995;269:E820-826. |
[20] | Ceglia L, Harris SS. Vitamin D and its role in skeletal muscle. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013;92:151-162. |
[21] | Perry HM, 3rd, Horowitz M, Morley JE, Patrick P, Vellas B, Baumgartner R, Garry PJ. Longitudinal changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older people. Metabolism. 1999;48:1028-1032. |
[22] | Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5766-5772. |
[23] | Kim TN, Park MS, Lim KI, Choi HY, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, Kang HJ, Song W, Choi H, Baik SH, Choi DS, Choi KM. Relationships between sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D status: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78:525-532. |
[24] | Thomas DR. Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2010;26:331-346. |
[25] | Castelo-Branco C, Soveral I. The immune system and aging: a review. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30:16-22. |
[26] | Franceschi C, Bonafe M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E, De Benedictis G. Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;908:244-254. |
[27] | Curtis E, Litwic A, Cooper C, Dennison E. Determinants of Muscle and Bone Aging. J Cell Physiol. 2015. |
[28] | Fry CS, Lee JD, Mula J, Kirby TJ, Jackson JR, Liu F, Yang L, Mendias CL, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Inducible depletion of satellite cells in adult, sedentary mice impairs muscle regenerative capacity without affecting sarcopenia. Nat Med. 2015;21:76-80. |
[29] | Keefe AC, Lawson JA, Flygare SD, Fox ZD, Colasanto MP, Mathew SJ, Yandell M, Kardon G. Muscle stem cells contribute to myofibres in sedentary adult mice. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7087. |
[30] | Tower J. Programmed cell death in aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;23:90-100. |
[31] | Das S, Morvan F, Jourde B, Meier V, Kahle P, Brebbia P, Toussaint G, Glass DJ, Fornaro M. ATP citrate lyase improves mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Cell Metab. 2015;21:868-876. |
[32] | Marzetti E, Calvani R, Cesari M, Buford TW, Lorenzi M, Behnke BJ, Leeuwenburgh C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and sarcopenia of aging: from signaling pathways to clinical trials. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45:2288-2301. |
[33] | Lee WJ, Liu LK, Peng LN, Lin MH, Chen LK. Comparisons of sarcopenia defined by IWGS and EWGSOP criteria among older people: results from the I-Lan longitudinal aging study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:528 e521-527. |
[34] | Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, Chou MY, Chen LY, Hsu PS, Krairit O, Lee JS, Lee WJ, Lee Y, Liang CK, Limpawattana P, Lin CS, Peng LN, Satake S, Suzuki T, Won CW, Wu CH, Wu SN, Zhang T, Zeng P, Akishita M, Arai H. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the asian working group for sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:95-101. |
[35] | Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE, Cawthon PM, McLean RR, Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Fragala MS, Kenny AM, Kiel DP, Kritchevsky SB, Shardell MD, Dam TT, Vassileva MT. The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69:547-558. |
[36] | Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Beauchet O, Bonnefoy M, Cesari M, Donini LM, Gillette Guyonnet S, Inzitari M, Nourhashemi F, Onder G, Ritz P, Salva A, Visser M, Vellas B. Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people an International Academy on Nutrition and Aging (IANA) Task Force. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:881-889. |
[37] | Arai H, Akishita M, Chen LK. Growing research on sarcopenia in Asia. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14 Suppl 1:1-7. |
[38] | Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:755-763. |
[39] | Chien MY, Huang TY, Wu YT. Prevalence of sarcopenia estimated using a bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equation in community-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:1710-1715. |
[40] | Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:889-896. |
[41] | Yuki A, Ando F, Shimokata H. [Transdisciplinary Approach for Sarcopenia. Sarcopenia : definition and the criteria for Asian elderly people]. Clin Calcium. 2014;24:1441-1448. |
[42] | Santilli V, Bernetti A, Mangone M, Paoloni M. Clinical definition of sarcopenia. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2014;11:177-180. |
[43] | Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argiles J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge D, Jatoi A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lochs H, Mantovani G, Marks D, Mitch WE, Muscaritoli M, Najand A, Ponikowski P, Rossi Fanelli F, Schambelan M, Schols A, Schuster M, Thomas D, Wolfe R, Anker SD. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:793-799. |
[44] | Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernabei R, Cesari M, Chumlea WC, Doehner W, Evans J, Fried LP, Guralnik JM, Katz PR, Malmstrom TK, McCarter RJ, Gutierrez Robledo LM, Rockwood K, von Haehling S, Vandewoude MF, Walston J. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:392-397. |
[45] | Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146-156. |
[46] | Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16:601-608. |
[47] | Vellas B, Balardy L, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Abellan Van Kan G, Ghisolfi-Marque A, Subra J, Bismuth S, Oustric S, Cesari M. Looking for frailty in community-dwelling older persons: the Gerontopole Frailty Screening Tool (GFST). J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17:629-631. |
[48] | Bauer JM, Sieber CC. Sarcopenia and frailty: a clinician's controversial point of view. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43:674-678. |
[49] | Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Goodpaster BH, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Stamm E, Harris TB. Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:897-904. |
[50] | Hwang B, Lim JY, Lee J, Choi NK, Ahn YO, Park BJ. Prevalence rate and associated factors of sarcopenic obesity in korean elderly population. J Korean Med Sci. 2012;27:748-755. |
[51] | Park SH, Park JH, Song PS, Kim DK, Kim KH, Seol SH, Kim HK, Jang HJ, Lee JG, Park HY, Park J, Shin KJ, Kim D, Moon YS. Sarcopenic obesity as an independent risk factor of hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2013;7:420-425. |
[52] | Kohara K, Ochi M, Tabara Y, Nagai T, Igase M, Miki T. Arterial stiffness in sarcopenic visceral obesity in the elderly: J-SHIPP study. Int J Cardiol. 2012;158:146-148. |
[53] | Atkins JL, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Lennon LT, Papacosta O, Wannamethee SG. Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a population-based cohort study of older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:253-260. |
[54] | Scott D, Blizzard L, Fell J, Ding C, Winzenberg T, Jones G. A prospective study of the associations between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sarcopenia progression and physical activity in older adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;73:581-587. |
[55] | Park S, Ham JO, Lee BK. A positive association of vitamin D deficiency and sarcopenia in 50 year old women, but not men. Clin Nutr. 2013. |
[56] | LaCroix AZ, Kotchen J, Anderson G, Brzyski R, Cauley JA, Cummings SR, Gass M, Johnson KC, Ko M, Larson J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64:559-567. |
[57] | Zittermann A, Iodice S, Pilz S, Grant WB, Bagnardi V, Gandini S. Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95:91-100. |
[58] | Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Sarcopenia and age-related endocrine function. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:127362. |
[59] | Annweiler C, Schott AM, Berrut G, Fantino B, Beauchet O. Vitamin D-related changes in physical performance: a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:893-898. |
[60] | Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, Wong JB, Egli A, Kiel DP, Henschkowski J. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Bmj. 2009;339:b3692-b3692. |
[61] | Ito S, Harada A, Kasai T, Sakai Y, Takemura M, Matsui Y, Hida T, Ishiguro N. Use of alfacalcidol in osteoporotic patients with low muscle mass might increase muscle mass: An investigation using a patient database. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14 Suppl 1:122-128. |
[62] | Morley JE. Vitamin d redux. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009;10:591-592. |
[63] | Chung JY, Kang HT, Lee DC, Lee HR, Lee YJ. Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly: A focus on sarcopenic obesity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;56:270-278. |
[64] | Chrusch MJ, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Davison KS, Burke DG. Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:2111-2117. |
[65] | Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Chrusch MJ, Davison KS, Burke DG. Effect of ceasing creatine supplementation while maintaining resistance training in older men. J Aging Phys Act. 2004;12:219-231. |
[66] | Candow DG, Vogt E, Johannsmeyer S, Forbes SC, Farthing JP. Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;40:689-694. |
[67] | Morley JE, Perry HM, 3rd. Androgen deficiency in aging men: role of testosterone replacement therapy. J Lab Clin Med. 2000;135:370-378. |
[68] | Ferrando AA, Sheffield-Moore M, Yeckel CW, Gilkison C, Jiang J, Achacosa A, Lieberman SA, Tipton K, Wolfe RR, Urban RJ. Testosterone administration to older men improves muscle function: molecular and physiological mechanisms. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282:E601-607. |
[69] | Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, Berlin JA, Loh L, Lenrow DA, Holmes JH, Dlewati A, Santanna J, Rosen CJ, Strom BL. Effect of testosterone treatment on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:2647-2653. |
[70] | Bakhshi V, Elliott M, Gentili A, Godschalk M, Mulligan T. Testosterone improves rehabilitation outcomes in ill older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:550-553. |
[71] | Bhasin S, Calof OM, Storer TW, Lee ML, Mazer NA, Jasuja R, Montori VM, Gao W, Dalton JT. Drug insight: Testosterone and selective androgen receptor modulators as anabolic therapies for chronic illness and aging. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2:146-159. |
[72] | Birzniece V, Umpleby MA, Poljak A, Handelsman DJ, Ho KK. Oral low-dose testosterone administration induces whole-body protein anabolism in postmenopausal women: a novel liver-targeted therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:321-327. |
[73] | Fitts RH, Peters JR, Dillon EL, Durham WJ, Sheffield-Moore M, Urban RJ. Weekly versus monthly testosterone administration on fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers in older adult males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:E223-231. |
[74] | Mudali S, Dobs AS. Effects of testosterone on body composition of the aging male. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125:297-304. |
[75] | Dayal M, Sammel MD, Zhao J, Hummel AC, Vandenbourne K, Barnhart KT. Supplementation with DHEA: effect on muscle size, strength, quality of life, and lipids. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14:391-400. |
[76] | Maltais ML, Desroches J, Dionne IJ. Changes in muscle mass and strength after menopause. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2009;9:186-197. |
[77] | Sorensen MB, Rosenfalck AM, Hojgaard L, Ottesen B. Obesity and sarcopenia after menopause are reversed by sex hormone replacement therapy. Obes Res. 2001;9:622-626. |
[78] | Jacobsen DE, Samson MM, Kezic S, Verhaar HJ. Postmenopausal HRT and tibolone in relation to muscle strength and body composition. Maturitas. 2007;58:7-18. |
[79] | Hansen RD, Raja C, Baber RJ, Lieberman D, Allen BJ. Effects of 20-mg oestradiol implant therapy on bone mineral density, fat distribution and muscle mass in postmenopausal women. Acta Diabetol. 2003;40 Suppl 1:S191-195. |
[80] | Tanko LB, Movsesyan L, Svendsen OL, Christiansen C. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on appendicular lean tissue mass in early postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2002;9:117-121. |
[81] | Kenny AM, Dawson L, Kleppinger A, Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Judge JO. Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in nonobese women who are long-term users of estrogen-replacement therapy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58:M436-440. |
[82] | Nass R, Johannsson G, Christiansen JS, Kopchick JJ, Thorner MO. The aging population--is there a role for endocrine interventions? Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19:89-100. |
[83] | Giannoulis MG, Martin FC, Nair KS, Umpleby AM, Sonksen P. Hormone replacement therapy and physical function in healthy older men. Time to talk hormones? Endocr Rev. 2012;33:314-377. |
[84] | Candow DG, Forbes SC, Little JP, Cornish SM, Pinkoski C, Chilibeck PD. Effect of nutritional interventions and resistance exercise on aging muscle mass and strength. Biogerontology. 2012;13:345-358. |
[85] | Hickson M. Nutritional interventions in sarcopenia: a critical review. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015:1-9. |
[86] | Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: A review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008;5:1. |
[87] | Flakoll P, Sharp R, Baier S, Levenhagen D, Carr C, Nissen S. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women. Nutrition. 2004;20:445-451. |
[88] | Baier S, Johannsen D, Abumrad N, Rathmacher JA, Nissen S, Flakoll P. Year-long changes in protein metabolism in elderly men and women supplemented with a nutrition cocktail of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), L-arginine, and L-lysine. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33:71-82. |
[89] | May PE, Barber A, D'Olimpio JT, Hourihane A, Abumrad NN. Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine. Am J Surg. 2002;183:471-479. |
[90] | Iolascon G, Di Pietro G, Gimigliano F, Mauro GL, Moretti A, Giamattei MT, Ortolani S, Tarantino U, Brandi ML. Physical exercise and sarcopenia in older people: position paper of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Medicine (OrtoMed). Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2014;11:215-221. |
[91] | Latham NK, Bennett DA, Stretton CM, Anderson CS. Systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:48-61. |
[92] | Denison HJ, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Robinson SM. Prevention and optimal management of sarcopenia: a review of combined exercise and nutrition interventions to improve muscle outcomes in older people. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:859-869. |
APA Style
Mitsutaka Yakabe, Sumito Ogawa, Masahiro Akishita. (2015). Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology of Sarcopenia. Biomedical Sciences, 1(2), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11
ACS Style
Mitsutaka Yakabe; Sumito Ogawa; Masahiro Akishita. Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology of Sarcopenia. Biomed. Sci. 2015, 1(2), 10-17. doi: 10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11
@article{10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11, author = {Mitsutaka Yakabe and Sumito Ogawa and Masahiro Akishita}, title = {Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology of Sarcopenia}, journal = {Biomedical Sciences}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {10-17}, doi = {10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bs.20150102.11}, abstract = {Sarcopenia is an age-related condition characterized by low muscle mass and low physical performance. Several groups have established diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, which include usual gait speed, skeletal muscle mass and grip strength. In this article, we summarize these criteria, pathogenesis, epidemiology, related conditions and possible interventions for sarcopenia.}, year = {2015} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology of Sarcopenia AU - Mitsutaka Yakabe AU - Sumito Ogawa AU - Masahiro Akishita Y1 - 2015/08/01 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11 DO - 10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11 T2 - Biomedical Sciences JF - Biomedical Sciences JO - Biomedical Sciences SP - 10 EP - 17 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-3932 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20150102.11 AB - Sarcopenia is an age-related condition characterized by low muscle mass and low physical performance. Several groups have established diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, which include usual gait speed, skeletal muscle mass and grip strength. In this article, we summarize these criteria, pathogenesis, epidemiology, related conditions and possible interventions for sarcopenia. VL - 1 IS - 2 ER -