Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani; Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga; Stephen Obiero Anyango; Taratisio Ndwiga

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18

| Peer-Reviewed

Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani, Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga, Stephen Obiero Anyango, Taratisio Ndwiga

Published in Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 5, Issue 6)

Received: 24 September 2019 Accepted: 16 October 2019 Published: 23 October 2019

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Provision of quality water continues to be a challenge in the developing Counties particularly in the informal settlements and Kenya is not an exception. This study assessed diarrhea disease attributable to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among the under five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. The main objective of this study was to establish the association between diarrhea among the under five and Water, Sanitation and hygiene. To achieve this goal Kasarani was categorized into four study environs namely low density high income, Medium density middle income, high density low income and informal settlement low income. Structured questionnaire and hygiene checklist were used as data collection instruments. Association and significant differences between variables were determined using inferential statistics and Chi-square tests. To compare quantitative variables (ANOVA) test was preferred. This study determined that water consumed in Kasarani was a risk for childhood diarrhea (p=0.019). Tap water showed a significantly higher contamination 13.7% than household water container 7.2% for T. Coli Bacteria. The amount of water a household consumed per day was an important risk factor for childhood diarrhea (P=0.001). Overall, Age of a child (P=0.046), water treatment method (P=0.002), method of storage of solid waste P<0.001, quantity and frequencies of water supply (P<0.001) were also found to be the most important risk factors for childhood diarrhea. The study concluded that there was a relationship between childhood diarrhea and water, sanitation and hygiene in Kasarani. The study recommended that Nairobi water and Sewerage Company institute programs that will facilitate adequate and wholesome water supply to HDLI and ISLI residential environs respectively.

Published in	Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 5, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18
Page(s)	272-279
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Diarrhea Diseases, Water Quality and Quantity, Water-borne Diseases, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

References

[1]	WHO (2009). The treatment of Childhood diarrhea. A manual for Physicians and other senior Health Workers. GENEVA: WHO.
[2]	UNICEF/WHO (2008). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, New York: UNICEF/WHO.
[3]	WHO/UNICEF, (2005). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Children and Water global statistics, Switzerland: WHO.
[4]	UNICEF/WHO (2009). Diarrhoea disease. USA; UNICEF/WHO.
[5]	Black, R. E (20000. Diarrhoea disease. Infectious disease epidemiology, theory and practice. London: Aspect publishers.
[6]	Hunter (1997). Waterborne disease, epidemiology and ecology, john willey and sons, USA.
[7]	World Bank (2005). World Bank development indicators. Washington DC; WB.
[8]	Curtis, V.& Cairneross, S. (2003). Effects of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community: A systematic review, lancet infectious diseases. London: pubmed.
[9]	Ingrid, I. (2008). Diarrhoea diseases. An overview of causes, systems and treatment. New York: Oxford University.
[10]	AMREF. (2011). Integrated School Health. Kenya: AMREF.
[11]	WHO/UNICEF (2006). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Children and water-global statistics (2009). WHO.
[12]	WHO. (2005). Diarrhoea diseases. Geneva: WHO.
[13]	WaterAid, (2008). Water and Sanitation Sep 2009. UK: WaterAid.
[14]	Nyagetiria, A. D. (2009). Estimating burden of diarrhea associated with water, sanitation and hygiene among the under fives in residential environs of Nairobi. Nairobi: Kenyatta University.
[15]	UNICEF. (2008). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Children and water global statistics, Switzerland: UNICEF.
[16]	JICA, (2010). Integrated Solid Waste management of the City of Nairobi. JICA Project. Kenya: Nairobi.
[17]	Kosek (2003). Division of geographic and international medicine. USA: University of Virginia.
[18]	Mulligan, (2005). Water quality interventions to prevent diarrhea cost cost-effectiveness. Geneva, WHO.
[19]	Pruss, (2006). Safewater, better health. Costs and benefits and sustainability of intervention to protect and promote health (1246-1255). Geneva: WHO.
[20]	HMIS, (2010). Health Management Information Systems. Epidemiology and disease control. Nairobi: PhD.
[21]	Gwako. (2010). Grand water abstractions in Kenya 2010. Kenya: Nairobi.
[22]	Feachem RG. (1987). Diarrhoea Morbidity patterns in Central region of Ghana. NCBI, Ghana.
[23]	Tagoe (1995). Risk factors associated with under five in rural Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe.
[24]	Diame (1990). Risk factors associated with under five diarrhea in Kenya. UON, Kenya.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani, Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga, Stephen Obiero Anyango, Taratisio Ndwiga. (2019). Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. Central African Journal of Public Health, 5(6), 272-279. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani; Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga; Stephen Obiero Anyango; Taratisio Ndwiga. Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2019, 5(6), 272-279. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani, Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga, Stephen Obiero Anyango, Taratisio Ndwiga. Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2019;5(6):272-279. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18,
  author = {Humphrey Mbuti Kimani and Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga and Stephen Obiero Anyango and Taratisio Ndwiga},
  title = {Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {272-279},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20190506.18},
  abstract = {Provision of quality water continues to be a challenge in the developing Counties particularly in the informal settlements and Kenya is not an exception. This study assessed diarrhea disease attributable to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among the under five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. The main objective of this study was to establish the association between diarrhea among the under five and Water, Sanitation and hygiene. To achieve this goal Kasarani was categorized into four study environs namely low density high income, Medium density middle income, high density low income and informal settlement low income. Structured questionnaire and hygiene checklist were used as data collection instruments. Association and significant differences between variables were determined using inferential statistics and Chi-square tests. To compare quantitative variables (ANOVA) test was preferred. This study determined that water consumed in Kasarani was a risk for childhood diarrhea (p=0.019). Tap water showed a significantly higher contamination 13.7% than household water container 7.2% for T. Coli Bacteria. The amount of water a household consumed per day was an important risk factor for childhood diarrhea (P=0.001). Overall, Age of a child (P=0.046), water treatment method (P=0.002), method of storage of solid waste P<0.001, quantity and frequencies of water supply (P<0.001) were also found to be the most important risk factors for childhood diarrhea. The study concluded that there was a relationship between childhood diarrhea and water, sanitation and hygiene in Kasarani. The study recommended that Nairobi water and Sewerage Company institute programs that will facilitate adequate and wholesome water supply to HDLI and ISLI residential environs respectively.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County
AU - Humphrey Mbuti Kimani
AU - Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga
AU - Stephen Obiero Anyango
AU - Taratisio Ndwiga
Y1 - 2019/10/23
PY - 2019
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18
DO - 10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18
T2 - Central African Journal of Public Health
JF - Central African Journal of Public Health
JO - Central African Journal of Public Health
SP - 272
EP - 279
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2575-5781
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18
AB - Provision of quality water continues to be a challenge in the developing Counties particularly in the informal settlements and Kenya is not an exception. This study assessed diarrhea disease attributable to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among the under five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. The main objective of this study was to establish the association between diarrhea among the under five and Water, Sanitation and hygiene. To achieve this goal Kasarani was categorized into four study environs namely low density high income, Medium density middle income, high density low income and informal settlement low income. Structured questionnaire and hygiene checklist were used as data collection instruments. Association and significant differences between variables were determined using inferential statistics and Chi-square tests. To compare quantitative variables (ANOVA) test was preferred. This study determined that water consumed in Kasarani was a risk for childhood diarrhea (p=0.019). Tap water showed a significantly higher contamination 13.7% than household water container 7.2% for T. Coli Bacteria. The amount of water a household consumed per day was an important risk factor for childhood diarrhea (P=0.001). Overall, Age of a child (P=0.046), water treatment method (P=0.002), method of storage of solid waste P<0.001, quantity and frequencies of water supply (P<0.001) were also found to be the most important risk factors for childhood diarrhea. The study concluded that there was a relationship between childhood diarrhea and water, sanitation and hygiene in Kasarani. The study recommended that Nairobi water and Sewerage Company institute programs that will facilitate adequate and wholesome water supply to HDLI and ISLI residential environs respectively.
VL - 5
IS - 6
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani

School of Public Health, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga

School of Public Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
Stephen Obiero Anyango

Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Taratisio Ndwiga

School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani, Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga, Stephen Obiero Anyango, Taratisio Ndwiga. (2019). Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. Central African Journal of Public Health, 5(6), 272-279. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani; Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga; Stephen Obiero Anyango; Taratisio Ndwiga. Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2019, 5(6), 272-279. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Humphrey Mbuti Kimani, Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga, Stephen Obiero Anyango, Taratisio Ndwiga. Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2019;5(6):272-279. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18,
  author = {Humphrey Mbuti Kimani and Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga and Stephen Obiero Anyango and Taratisio Ndwiga},
  title = {Diarrhea Risk Factors Associated with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Among the Under Five in Kasarani, Nairobi County},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {272-279},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20190506.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20190506.18},
  abstract = {Provision of quality water continues to be a challenge in the developing Counties particularly in the informal settlements and Kenya is not an exception. This study assessed diarrhea disease attributable to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among the under five in Kasarani, Nairobi County. The main objective of this study was to establish the association between diarrhea among the under five and Water, Sanitation and hygiene. To achieve this goal Kasarani was categorized into four study environs namely low density high income, Medium density middle income, high density low income and informal settlement low income. Structured questionnaire and hygiene checklist were used as data collection instruments. Association and significant differences between variables were determined using inferential statistics and Chi-square tests. To compare quantitative variables (ANOVA) test was preferred. This study determined that water consumed in Kasarani was a risk for childhood diarrhea (p=0.019). Tap water showed a significantly higher contamination 13.7% than household water container 7.2% for T. Coli Bacteria. The amount of water a household consumed per day was an important risk factor for childhood diarrhea (P=0.001). Overall, Age of a child (P=0.046), water treatment method (P=0.002), method of storage of solid waste P<0.001, quantity and frequencies of water supply (P<0.001) were also found to be the most important risk factors for childhood diarrhea. The study concluded that there was a relationship between childhood diarrhea and water, sanitation and hygiene in Kasarani. The study recommended that Nairobi water and Sewerage Company institute programs that will facilitate adequate and wholesome water supply to HDLI and ISLI residential environs respectively.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download