Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe; Agbo Oche Joseph; Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor; Elkanah Obadiah Sambo; Elkanah Deborah Sambo; Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17

Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Agbo Oche Joseph, Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu

Published in Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 7, Issue 4)

Received: 30 July 2020 Accepted: 25 August 2020 Published: 23 July 2021

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Abstract

Opportunistic intestinal protozoan parasites are the major contributors affecting HIV/AIDS patients. This study determined the association between intestinal protozoan infection and some predisposing factors among HIV/AIDS patients. Samples were collected from both male and female HIV/AIDS patients and stool samples were also collected from non-HIV/AIDS patients to serve as control. The procedure of wet mount technique and faecal concentration methods processed the faecal materials collected. The CD⁴⁺ count of patients were determined using the Partee Cyflow Counter, which determines the percentage of CD⁴⁺ cells of individuals. A total of eight hundred and fifty (850) faecal samples were collected from sero-positive and sero-negative HIV/AIDS persons in Jalingo metropolis. Out of the 850 subjects, 650 (76.47%) were sero-positive while 200 (23.53%) were sero-negative (Control). The sero-positive subjects showed higher prevalence of 118 (18.15%) of opportunistic parasitic infection according to the follow-up of hospital locations: Government House, 12 (25.71%); Ummah Clinic, 8 (21.82%); Taraba State Specialist Hospital, 50 (18.18%) and Federal Medical Centre, 38 (15.20%). The prevalence was higher among female positives, 68 (l9.60%) than the male, 50 (16.50%) with no significant difference (p>0.05). The infection based on age groups revealed that the age group 10-15 years had the highest prevalence of 27 (48.21%) while the age group 41-45 years had the least prevalence of 2 (2.63%). There was no significant relationship between age, gender and occurrence of opportunistic intestinal protozoan infection among HIV sero-positive and HIV sero-negative subjects (p>0.05). Analysis on risk factors associated with intestinal protozoan infection revealed that patients whose source of water was from stream are likely to get infected with intestinal protozoans (OR=2.95) than those who used tap water (OR=0.78). Based on method of waste disposal, those who practiced open defaecation are at higher risk of infection with intestinal protozoa (OR=1.02) than those who used water closet system (OR=0.30). Similarly, those who did not wash hands after toilets are prone to infection (OR=2.46) than those who frequently was their hands after toilets (OR=0.14). The public health division in Jalingo metropolis should continue to emphasize the importance of environmental and personal hygiene and collaborate with other Government agencies to provide quality drinking water, good waste management systems, good/faecal disposal systems amongst others to help alleviate the burden of intestinal parasite infections.

Published in	Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17
Page(s)	193-197
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Intestinal, Opportunistic, Parasites, Protozoans, Taraba, Nigeria

References

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[2]	Alemu G, Alelign D, Abossie A. Prevalence of Opportunistic Intestinal Parasites and Associated Factors among HIV Patients while Receiving ART at Arba Minch Hospital in Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2018; 28 (2): 147-156. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v28i2.6.
[3]	Akinbo F O, Anate P J, Akinbo D B, Omoregie R, Okoosi S, Abdulsalami A, Isah B. Risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Port Harcourt Med J, 2017; 11: 15-20.
[4]	Gupta, K., Bala, M., Deb, M., Muralidhar, S. and Sharma, D. K. (2013). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in HIV -infected individuals and their relationship with immune status. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 31: 161-165.
[5]	Cheesbrough, M. (2012). District laboratory practice in tropical countries. New York-Cambridge Press. Part 1, 2^nd Edition 249-258.
[6]	Teklay, G., Haftom, K., Abebaw, A. G. Intestinal parasites among HIV/AIDS patients attending University of Gondar Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2019; 33 (2): 64-72.
[7]	Wumba, R., Longo-Mbenza. B., Mandina, M., Odio, W. T., Biligui, S. and Sala, J. (2010). Intestinal parasites infections in geospitized AIDS patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Parasite, 17: 321-328.
[8]	Akinbo, F. O. and Omoregie, R. Intestinal parasitic infections in human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected persons on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Benin City, Nigeria. Gen. Med Bio Hlth Sc 2011; 3 (3–4): 119-122.
[9]	Olopade BO, Idowu CO. Intestinal parasites among HIV-infected patients at obafemi awolowo university teaching hospitals complex, Ile-Ife. Ann Trop Pathol 2017; 8: 34-8.
[10]	Gebre B, Alemayehu T, Girma M, Ayalew F, Tadesse BT, Shemelis T. Cryptosporidiosis And Other Intestinal Parasitic Infections And Concomitant Threats Among HIV-Infected Children In Southern Ethiopia Receiving First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2019; 11: 299-306. Published 2019 Nov 15. doi: 10.2147/HIV.S215417.
[11]	Opoku YK, Boampong JN, Ayi I, et al. Socio-Behavioral Risk Factors Associated with Cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS Patients Visiting the HIV Referral Clinic at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Open AIDS J. 2018; 12: 106-116. doi: 10.2174/1874613601812010106.
[12]	Laksemi DA, Suwanti LT, Mufasirin M, Suastika K, Sudarmaja M (2020) Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review, Veterinary World, 13 (4): 716-725.
[13]	Ojuromi OT, Ashafa AO. Cryptosporidiosis in Southern Africa: Review of prevalence and molecular epidemiology of a neglected disease. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2018; 11: 108-18.
[14]	Sinyangwe, T. N., Siwila, J., Muma, J. B., Chola, M., Michelo, C. Factors Associated With Cryptosporidium Infection Among Adult HIV Positive Population in Contact With Livestock in Namwala District, Zambia. Front. Public Health 8: 74. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00074.
[15]	Barcelos, N. B., Silva, L. Freitas., Dias, R. F. G., Menezes, F. H. R., Rodrigues, R. M. Opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasites in HIV/ AIDS patients in relation to their clinical and epidemiological status in a specialized medical service in Goiás, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Aug 18]; 60: e13. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-46652018005000206&lng=en. Epub Mar 08, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946201860013.

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Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Agbo Oche Joseph, Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, et al. (2021). Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State. Central African Journal of Public Health, 7(4), 193-197. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17

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ACS Style

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe; Agbo Oche Joseph; Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor; Elkanah Obadiah Sambo; Elkanah Deborah Sambo, et al. Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2021, 7(4), 193-197. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17

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AMA Style

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Agbo Oche Joseph, Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, et al. Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2021;7(4):193-197. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17

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@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17,
  author = {Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe and Agbo Oche Joseph and Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor and Elkanah Obadiah Sambo and Elkanah Deborah Sambo and Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu},
  title = {Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {193-197},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20210704.17},
  abstract = {Opportunistic intestinal protozoan parasites are the major contributors affecting HIV/AIDS patients. This study determined the association between intestinal protozoan infection and some predisposing factors among HIV/AIDS patients. Samples were collected from both male and female HIV/AIDS patients and stool samples were also collected from non-HIV/AIDS patients to serve as control. The procedure of wet mount technique and faecal concentration methods processed the faecal materials collected. The CD4+ count of patients were determined using the Partee Cyflow Counter, which determines the percentage of CD4+ cells of individuals. A total of eight hundred and fifty (850) faecal samples were collected from sero-positive and sero-negative HIV/AIDS persons in Jalingo metropolis. Out of the 850 subjects, 650 (76.47%) were sero-positive while 200 (23.53%) were sero-negative (Control). The sero-positive subjects showed higher prevalence of 118 (18.15%) of opportunistic parasitic infection according to the follow-up of hospital locations: Government House, 12 (25.71%); Ummah Clinic, 8 (21.82%); Taraba State Specialist Hospital, 50 (18.18%) and Federal Medical Centre, 38 (15.20%). The prevalence was higher among female positives, 68 (l9.60%) than the male, 50 (16.50%) with no significant difference (p>0.05). The infection based on age groups revealed that the age group 10-15 years had the highest prevalence of 27 (48.21%) while the age group 41-45 years had the least prevalence of 2 (2.63%). There was no significant relationship between age, gender and occurrence of opportunistic intestinal protozoan infection among HIV sero-positive and HIV sero-negative subjects (p>0.05). Analysis on risk factors associated with intestinal protozoan infection revealed that patients whose source of water was from stream are likely to get infected with intestinal protozoans (OR=2.95) than those who used tap water (OR=0.78). Based on method of waste disposal, those who practiced open defaecation are at higher risk of infection with intestinal protozoa (OR=1.02) than those who used water closet system (OR=0.30). Similarly, those who did not wash hands after toilets are prone to infection (OR=2.46) than those who frequently was their hands after toilets (OR=0.14). The public health division in Jalingo metropolis should continue to emphasize the importance of environmental and personal hygiene and collaborate with other Government agencies to provide quality drinking water, good waste management systems, good/faecal disposal systems amongst others to help alleviate the burden of intestinal parasite infections.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State
AU  - Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe
AU  - Agbo Oche Joseph
AU  - Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor
AU  - Elkanah Obadiah Sambo
AU  - Elkanah Deborah Sambo
AU  - Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu
Y1  - 2021/07/23
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17
T2  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
SP  - 193
EP  - 197
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5781
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17
AB  - Opportunistic intestinal protozoan parasites are the major contributors affecting HIV/AIDS patients. This study determined the association between intestinal protozoan infection and some predisposing factors among HIV/AIDS patients. Samples were collected from both male and female HIV/AIDS patients and stool samples were also collected from non-HIV/AIDS patients to serve as control. The procedure of wet mount technique and faecal concentration methods processed the faecal materials collected. The CD4+ count of patients were determined using the Partee Cyflow Counter, which determines the percentage of CD4+ cells of individuals. A total of eight hundred and fifty (850) faecal samples were collected from sero-positive and sero-negative HIV/AIDS persons in Jalingo metropolis. Out of the 850 subjects, 650 (76.47%) were sero-positive while 200 (23.53%) were sero-negative (Control). The sero-positive subjects showed higher prevalence of 118 (18.15%) of opportunistic parasitic infection according to the follow-up of hospital locations: Government House, 12 (25.71%); Ummah Clinic, 8 (21.82%); Taraba State Specialist Hospital, 50 (18.18%) and Federal Medical Centre, 38 (15.20%). The prevalence was higher among female positives, 68 (l9.60%) than the male, 50 (16.50%) with no significant difference (p>0.05). The infection based on age groups revealed that the age group 10-15 years had the highest prevalence of 27 (48.21%) while the age group 41-45 years had the least prevalence of 2 (2.63%). There was no significant relationship between age, gender and occurrence of opportunistic intestinal protozoan infection among HIV sero-positive and HIV sero-negative subjects (p>0.05). Analysis on risk factors associated with intestinal protozoan infection revealed that patients whose source of water was from stream are likely to get infected with intestinal protozoans (OR=2.95) than those who used tap water (OR=0.78). Based on method of waste disposal, those who practiced open defaecation are at higher risk of infection with intestinal protozoa (OR=1.02) than those who used water closet system (OR=0.30). Similarly, those who did not wash hands after toilets are prone to infection (OR=2.46) than those who frequently was their hands after toilets (OR=0.14). The public health division in Jalingo metropolis should continue to emphasize the importance of environmental and personal hygiene and collaborate with other Government agencies to provide quality drinking water, good waste management systems, good/faecal disposal systems amongst others to help alleviate the burden of intestinal parasite infections.
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe

Department of Laboratory Services, Taraba State Specialist Hospital, Jalingo, Nigeria
Agbo Oche Joseph

Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria
Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor

Department of Laboratory Services, Federal Medical Centre, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria
Elkanah Obadiah Sambo

Department of Biological Sciences, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria
Elkanah Deborah Sambo

Department of Biological Sciences, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria
Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Technology, Otuogidi-Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

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APA Style

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Agbo Oche Joseph, Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, et al. (2021). Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State. Central African Journal of Public Health, 7(4), 193-197. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17

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ACS Style

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe; Agbo Oche Joseph; Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor; Elkanah Obadiah Sambo; Elkanah Deborah Sambo, et al. Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2021, 7(4), 193-197. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17

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AMA Style

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Agbo Oche Joseph, Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, et al. Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2021;7(4):193-197. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17

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@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17,
  author = {Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe and Agbo Oche Joseph and Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor and Elkanah Obadiah Sambo and Elkanah Deborah Sambo and Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu},
  title = {Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {193-197},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20210704.17},
  abstract = {Opportunistic intestinal protozoan parasites are the major contributors affecting HIV/AIDS patients. This study determined the association between intestinal protozoan infection and some predisposing factors among HIV/AIDS patients. Samples were collected from both male and female HIV/AIDS patients and stool samples were also collected from non-HIV/AIDS patients to serve as control. The procedure of wet mount technique and faecal concentration methods processed the faecal materials collected. The CD4+ count of patients were determined using the Partee Cyflow Counter, which determines the percentage of CD4+ cells of individuals. A total of eight hundred and fifty (850) faecal samples were collected from sero-positive and sero-negative HIV/AIDS persons in Jalingo metropolis. Out of the 850 subjects, 650 (76.47%) were sero-positive while 200 (23.53%) were sero-negative (Control). The sero-positive subjects showed higher prevalence of 118 (18.15%) of opportunistic parasitic infection according to the follow-up of hospital locations: Government House, 12 (25.71%); Ummah Clinic, 8 (21.82%); Taraba State Specialist Hospital, 50 (18.18%) and Federal Medical Centre, 38 (15.20%). The prevalence was higher among female positives, 68 (l9.60%) than the male, 50 (16.50%) with no significant difference (p>0.05). The infection based on age groups revealed that the age group 10-15 years had the highest prevalence of 27 (48.21%) while the age group 41-45 years had the least prevalence of 2 (2.63%). There was no significant relationship between age, gender and occurrence of opportunistic intestinal protozoan infection among HIV sero-positive and HIV sero-negative subjects (p>0.05). Analysis on risk factors associated with intestinal protozoan infection revealed that patients whose source of water was from stream are likely to get infected with intestinal protozoans (OR=2.95) than those who used tap water (OR=0.78). Based on method of waste disposal, those who practiced open defaecation are at higher risk of infection with intestinal protozoa (OR=1.02) than those who used water closet system (OR=0.30). Similarly, those who did not wash hands after toilets are prone to infection (OR=2.46) than those who frequently was their hands after toilets (OR=0.14). The public health division in Jalingo metropolis should continue to emphasize the importance of environmental and personal hygiene and collaborate with other Government agencies to provide quality drinking water, good waste management systems, good/faecal disposal systems amongst others to help alleviate the burden of intestinal parasite infections.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State
AU  - Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe
AU  - Agbo Oche Joseph
AU  - Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor
AU  - Elkanah Obadiah Sambo
AU  - Elkanah Deborah Sambo
AU  - Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu
Y1  - 2021/07/23
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17
T2  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
SP  - 193
EP  - 197
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5781
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.17
AB  - Opportunistic intestinal protozoan parasites are the major contributors affecting HIV/AIDS patients. This study determined the association between intestinal protozoan infection and some predisposing factors among HIV/AIDS patients. Samples were collected from both male and female HIV/AIDS patients and stool samples were also collected from non-HIV/AIDS patients to serve as control. The procedure of wet mount technique and faecal concentration methods processed the faecal materials collected. The CD4+ count of patients were determined using the Partee Cyflow Counter, which determines the percentage of CD4+ cells of individuals. A total of eight hundred and fifty (850) faecal samples were collected from sero-positive and sero-negative HIV/AIDS persons in Jalingo metropolis. Out of the 850 subjects, 650 (76.47%) were sero-positive while 200 (23.53%) were sero-negative (Control). The sero-positive subjects showed higher prevalence of 118 (18.15%) of opportunistic parasitic infection according to the follow-up of hospital locations: Government House, 12 (25.71%); Ummah Clinic, 8 (21.82%); Taraba State Specialist Hospital, 50 (18.18%) and Federal Medical Centre, 38 (15.20%). The prevalence was higher among female positives, 68 (l9.60%) than the male, 50 (16.50%) with no significant difference (p>0.05). The infection based on age groups revealed that the age group 10-15 years had the highest prevalence of 27 (48.21%) while the age group 41-45 years had the least prevalence of 2 (2.63%). There was no significant relationship between age, gender and occurrence of opportunistic intestinal protozoan infection among HIV sero-positive and HIV sero-negative subjects (p>0.05). Analysis on risk factors associated with intestinal protozoan infection revealed that patients whose source of water was from stream are likely to get infected with intestinal protozoans (OR=2.95) than those who used tap water (OR=0.78). Based on method of waste disposal, those who practiced open defaecation are at higher risk of infection with intestinal protozoa (OR=1.02) than those who used water closet system (OR=0.30). Similarly, those who did not wash hands after toilets are prone to infection (OR=2.46) than those who frequently was their hands after toilets (OR=0.14). The public health division in Jalingo metropolis should continue to emphasize the importance of environmental and personal hygiene and collaborate with other Government agencies to provide quality drinking water, good waste management systems, good/faecal disposal systems amongst others to help alleviate the burden of intestinal parasite infections.
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  -

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