Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms

Eduard Khachiyan

doi:doi:10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19

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Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms

Eduard Khachiyan

Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 11, Issue 5)

Received: 18 September 2022 Accepted: 4 October 2022 Published: 24 October 2022

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Abstract

In previously published works of the author, a mechanical-mathematical method has been developed for modelling strong earthquake synthetic seismograms and accelerograms for a given site with certain ground conditions, whereby an earthquake is viewed as an effect of instant rupturing of Earth’s crust. This study examines ground displacements, velocities, accelerations, and relative shear strains, as well as earthquake response spectra based on synthetic accelerograms. All ground categories are reviewed, from the hardest rocks to the loosest grounds. The maximum values for ground displacements, velocities, and accelerations are obtained depending on the attenuation coefficient of the rocks and the number of the considered foundation bedding’s oscillation modes, as well as peak ground accelerations depending on the distance from the expected earthquake’s rupture. It is shown that the higher modes of oscillation increase ground acceleration 2.5 times, if calculated only using the first oscillation mode and they also increase ground displacements 1.1 times, while decreasing shear strain 1.1 times. The maximum positive attenuation effect in hard ground compared to its absence reaches 37%. Shear strain values increase proportionally to the increase of soil category order number. At the level of 15 meters from Earth’s surface in rocky soils, at a magnitude of М=7.0, the shear strain values exceed the critical thresholds, which implies a high probability of surface rupturing, Response spectra obtained by synthetic accelerograms are compared to similar spectra based on a large number of actual earthquakes, showing that they are quite similar both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use them for assessing the seismic hazard levels at various areas, monitoring for earthquake prediction, ensuring seismic safety of facilities and underground structures, and enhancing the analysis methods of seismic impact on building and structures.

Published in	Earth Sciences (Volume 11, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19
Page(s)	327-337
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Synthetic Seismograms and Accelerograms, Shear Deformation, Earthquake Response Spectra, Dynamic Coefficient Chart, Seismic Soil Categories

References

[1]	Khachiyan E. Y., On the Possibility of Predicting Seismogram and Accelerogram of Strong Motions of the Soil for an Earthquake Model Considered as an Instantaneous Rupture of the Earth’s Surface. ISSN 0747_9239, Seismic Instruments, 2015, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 129–140. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2015, Springer Link.
[2]	Khachiyan E. Y., Predicting of the Seismogram and Accelerogram of Strong Motions of the Soil for an Earthquake Model Considered as an Instantaneous Rupture of the Earth’s Surface. Science Publishing Group, USA Earth Science, 2018; 7 (4): 183-201, DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20180704.16 ISSN: 2328-5974 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5982 (Online).
[3]	Khachiyan E. Y., On a Simple Method for Determining the Potential Strain Energy Stored in the Earth before a Large Earthquake. ISSN 0742-0463, Journal of Volcanology and Seismology, 2011, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 286-297. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2011.
[4]	Khachiyan E. Y., On Determining of the Ultimate Strain of Earth Crust Rocks by the Value of Relative Slips on the Earth Surface after a Large Earthquake. Science Publishing Group USA, Earth Science, DOI: 10.11648/j.earth. 20160506.14: ISSN: 2328-5974 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5982 (Online) Vol. 5, Issue 6, Dec. 2016 pp 111-118.
[5]	RABC 20.04-2020. Earthquake Resistant Construction. Design Codes. Yerevan, 2020. 80p.
[6]	Kasahara K. Earthquake Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
[7]	Zelenovich V., Paskalev T., Yugoslav Code for Aseismic design and Analysis of Engineering Structures in Seismic regions. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference of Earthquake Engineering. Vol. 1, Lisbon, 1986.
[8]	Faccioli E., Resenditz D., Soil dynamics: Soil behavior under seismic actions, including liquefaction. In the book “Seismic Risk and Engineering Decisions”, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company Amsterdam-Oxford-New York 1976.
[9]	Brune J. N. The Physics of Earthquake Strong Motion, in Lomnitz C. and Rosenblueth E., Eds., Risk and Engineering Decisions, New York: Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., 1976, pp. 141-177.
[10]	Wells D. L. and Coppersmith K. I. New Empirical Relationship among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement. Bulletin the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, N4, pp. 974-1002, August, 1994.
[11]	Khachiyan E. Y., Methods of Determination of Predominant Vibration Periods for Non-homogeneous Multilayer Ground Sites. Novel Perspectives of Engineering Research Vol. 1, 2021, BP International, India-UK, pp 94-149. DOI: 10.9734/bpi/nper/v13115D.
[12]	Okamoto S. Introduction to Earthquake Engineering. University of Tokyo Press, 1973, 322p.

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APA Style

Eduard Khachiyan. (2022). Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms. Earth Sciences, 11(5), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19

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ACS Style

Eduard Khachiyan. Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms. Earth Sci. 2022, 11(5), 327-337. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19

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AMA Style

Eduard Khachiyan. Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms. Earth Sci. 2022;11(5):327-337. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19

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@article{10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19,
  author = {Eduard Khachiyan},
  title = {Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {11},
  number = {5},
  pages = {327-337},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20221105.19},
  abstract = {In previously published works of the author, a mechanical-mathematical method has been developed for modelling strong earthquake synthetic seismograms and accelerograms for a given site with certain ground conditions, whereby an earthquake is viewed as an effect of instant rupturing of Earth’s crust. This study examines ground displacements, velocities, accelerations, and relative shear strains, as well as earthquake response spectra based on synthetic accelerograms. All ground categories are reviewed, from the hardest rocks to the loosest grounds. The maximum values for ground displacements, velocities, and accelerations are obtained depending on the attenuation coefficient of the rocks and the number of the considered foundation bedding’s oscillation modes, as well as peak ground accelerations depending on the distance from the expected earthquake’s rupture. It is shown that the higher modes of oscillation increase ground acceleration 2.5 times, if calculated only using the first oscillation mode and they also increase ground displacements 1.1 times, while decreasing shear strain 1.1 times. The maximum positive attenuation effect in hard ground compared to its absence reaches 37%. Shear strain values increase proportionally to the increase of soil category order number. At the level of 15 meters from Earth’s surface in rocky soils, at a magnitude of М=7.0, the shear strain values exceed the critical thresholds, which implies a high probability of surface rupturing, Response spectra obtained by synthetic accelerograms are compared to similar spectra based on a large number of actual earthquakes, showing that they are quite similar both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use them for assessing the seismic hazard levels at various areas, monitoring for earthquake prediction, ensuring seismic safety of facilities and underground structures, and enhancing the analysis methods of seismic impact on building and structures.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms
AU  - Eduard Khachiyan
Y1  - 2022/10/24
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19
DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19
T2  - Earth Sciences
JF  - Earth Sciences
JO  - Earth Sciences
SP  - 327
EP  - 337
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19
AB  - In previously published works of the author, a mechanical-mathematical method has been developed for modelling strong earthquake synthetic seismograms and accelerograms for a given site with certain ground conditions, whereby an earthquake is viewed as an effect of instant rupturing of Earth’s crust. This study examines ground displacements, velocities, accelerations, and relative shear strains, as well as earthquake response spectra based on synthetic accelerograms. All ground categories are reviewed, from the hardest rocks to the loosest grounds. The maximum values for ground displacements, velocities, and accelerations are obtained depending on the attenuation coefficient of the rocks and the number of the considered foundation bedding’s oscillation modes, as well as peak ground accelerations depending on the distance from the expected earthquake’s rupture. It is shown that the higher modes of oscillation increase ground acceleration 2.5 times, if calculated only using the first oscillation mode and they also increase ground displacements 1.1 times, while decreasing shear strain 1.1 times. The maximum positive attenuation effect in hard ground compared to its absence reaches 37%. Shear strain values increase proportionally to the increase of soil category order number. At the level of 15 meters from Earth’s surface in rocky soils, at a magnitude of М=7.0, the shear strain values exceed the critical thresholds, which implies a high probability of surface rupturing, Response spectra obtained by synthetic accelerograms are compared to similar spectra based on a large number of actual earthquakes, showing that they are quite similar both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use them for assessing the seismic hazard levels at various areas, monitoring for earthquake prediction, ensuring seismic safety of facilities and underground structures, and enhancing the analysis methods of seismic impact on building and structures.
VL  - 11
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Eduard Khachiyan

Department of Building Mechanics, National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia

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APA Style

Eduard Khachiyan. (2022). Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms. Earth Sciences, 11(5), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19

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ACS Style

Eduard Khachiyan. Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms. Earth Sci. 2022, 11(5), 327-337. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19

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AMA Style

Eduard Khachiyan. Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms. Earth Sci. 2022;11(5):327-337. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19

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@article{10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19,
  author = {Eduard Khachiyan},
  title = {Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {11},
  number = {5},
  pages = {327-337},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20221105.19},
  abstract = {In previously published works of the author, a mechanical-mathematical method has been developed for modelling strong earthquake synthetic seismograms and accelerograms for a given site with certain ground conditions, whereby an earthquake is viewed as an effect of instant rupturing of Earth’s crust. This study examines ground displacements, velocities, accelerations, and relative shear strains, as well as earthquake response spectra based on synthetic accelerograms. All ground categories are reviewed, from the hardest rocks to the loosest grounds. The maximum values for ground displacements, velocities, and accelerations are obtained depending on the attenuation coefficient of the rocks and the number of the considered foundation bedding’s oscillation modes, as well as peak ground accelerations depending on the distance from the expected earthquake’s rupture. It is shown that the higher modes of oscillation increase ground acceleration 2.5 times, if calculated only using the first oscillation mode and they also increase ground displacements 1.1 times, while decreasing shear strain 1.1 times. The maximum positive attenuation effect in hard ground compared to its absence reaches 37%. Shear strain values increase proportionally to the increase of soil category order number. At the level of 15 meters from Earth’s surface in rocky soils, at a magnitude of М=7.0, the shear strain values exceed the critical thresholds, which implies a high probability of surface rupturing, Response spectra obtained by synthetic accelerograms are compared to similar spectra based on a large number of actual earthquakes, showing that they are quite similar both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use them for assessing the seismic hazard levels at various areas, monitoring for earthquake prediction, ensuring seismic safety of facilities and underground structures, and enhancing the analysis methods of seismic impact on building and structures.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of the Values of Ground Displacements, Shear Strains, Velocities and Accelerations, and Response Spectra of Strong Earthquake by Synthetic Accelerograms
AU  - Eduard Khachiyan
Y1  - 2022/10/24
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19
DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19
T2  - Earth Sciences
JF  - Earth Sciences
JO  - Earth Sciences
SP  - 327
EP  - 337
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221105.19
AB  - In previously published works of the author, a mechanical-mathematical method has been developed for modelling strong earthquake synthetic seismograms and accelerograms for a given site with certain ground conditions, whereby an earthquake is viewed as an effect of instant rupturing of Earth’s crust. This study examines ground displacements, velocities, accelerations, and relative shear strains, as well as earthquake response spectra based on synthetic accelerograms. All ground categories are reviewed, from the hardest rocks to the loosest grounds. The maximum values for ground displacements, velocities, and accelerations are obtained depending on the attenuation coefficient of the rocks and the number of the considered foundation bedding’s oscillation modes, as well as peak ground accelerations depending on the distance from the expected earthquake’s rupture. It is shown that the higher modes of oscillation increase ground acceleration 2.5 times, if calculated only using the first oscillation mode and they also increase ground displacements 1.1 times, while decreasing shear strain 1.1 times. The maximum positive attenuation effect in hard ground compared to its absence reaches 37%. Shear strain values increase proportionally to the increase of soil category order number. At the level of 15 meters from Earth’s surface in rocky soils, at a magnitude of М=7.0, the shear strain values exceed the critical thresholds, which implies a high probability of surface rupturing, Response spectra obtained by synthetic accelerograms are compared to similar spectra based on a large number of actual earthquakes, showing that they are quite similar both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use them for assessing the seismic hazard levels at various areas, monitoring for earthquake prediction, ensuring seismic safety of facilities and underground structures, and enhancing the analysis methods of seismic impact on building and structures.
VL  - 11
IS  - 5
ER  -

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