Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars

Kolemann Lutz

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars

Kolemann Lutz^*

Published in International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science (Volume 13, Issue 1)

Received: 27 December 2024 Accepted: 17 January 2025 Published: 25 February 2025

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Abstract

From the 1900s to 2020s, humans believed photons were massless particles. However, solar wind is made of ionized particles such as hydrogen and helium stripped of electrons. This study is one of the first to identify photons as electrons based on analysis with photosynthesis, oxidation reduction reactions, ionization energy, vertical electric fields, and negative air ions (NAIs), when O₂ combines with electron to form O₂^-. Earth's electrical field is around 100-300 V/metre which further suggests charge is due to light photons or electrons. Electron kinetic and ionization energies of both electrons (e-) and photons are analyzed. A photon electron radiation flux analysis across each planetary body also quantifies photons/m², which helps to advance systems and models in orbit and at surface of planets. After first discovery of photons as electrons from Kole Lutz in 2024, research helps to quantify electron interactions, absorption/emission to improve weather climate models, photosynthesis, power systems (PV Cells, detectors, etc.), corrosion redox reactions, and materials across a variety of fields from energy, communication to biology and space systems. Research holds potential to increase instrument sensitivity for Earth and planetary science, physics, lasers, communication, and to characterize absorption spectra, and light flux from stars.

Published in	International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science (Volume 13, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12
Page(s)	11-20
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Physics, Astrophysics, Space Science, Oxidation, Photonics, Quantum Mechanics

1. Introduction

This study aims to collect and analyze literature identifying photons as electrons based on data from negative air ions, ionization energy analysis, photosynthesis and redox reactions, and planetary solar radiation data and vertical electric fields.

From 1900s to 2020s, humans believed photons were massless particles. The concept and discussion progressed in 1905 when Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect and relativity and was popularized by Gilbert Lewis who coined “photon”. If a photon has no mass, how would Kinetic Energy (KE), E=pc or, or E=mc² exist? As light is correlated to solar wind density

(ρ = m / v

) in particles/cm³, solar wind is made of plasma with ionized hydrogen, electrons (e-), e- fragments & protons with 8.5 ± 1.3%He

[1]

Stellar Composition, Corona, Nuclear Fusion

The sun is a yellow dwarf (G-type V) star of hot gasses, hydrogen (92.1%) and He (7.9%) with mostly free-floating electrons and protons. As e- are stripped from gasses at surface, ionized He such as He²⁺ is abundant after H⁺.

[2]

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. a & b) Electron Absorption and Emission, c) Vertical Electric Field.

H + H \to {{He}_{}^{+} +}_{}^{} e_{}^{-}

(1)

4 H \to {2 He +}_{}^{} 2 e_{}^{-}

(2)

Two electrons or positrons are generated from two H-H atoms combining at core and surface from fusion, where (ν) neutrinos and neutrons can also be emitted. Helium-3 fusing with helium-3 nuclei produces 86% of our helium-4

[3]

. To build up to helium-4, proton-proton chain, electrons (e-) in helium and hydrogen move to higher energy orbits, where e- reshuffling releases energy. Energy released is e- and positrons (β +) &

γ

released with ~3.5 MeV for He. When an electron (e-) changes levels after absorption or emission, an atom emits electromagnetic radiation of photon-like particles with exact energy that is lost by the e- moving to a lower energy level. Electron (e-) energy displacement would be correlated with ejected particles such as partial or whole quasi-electrons with ejected energy or quanta is energy lost by the e- moving to lower energy level.

K.E. =V

\cdot

m (3)

E₂- E₁= (V_f-V_i)

\cdot

m(4)

K.E=

2 πr \frac{θ}{360}

(V_x+V_y+V_z)(5)

where

θ

is scattering angle from

θ

_f-

θ

_iwith bohr radius and also solar radius 696,265km. Solar photosphere at the surface is 100-400 km, where e- accumulate, is measured at .21 g/m² density. Surface electrons reach limit distance at a velocity of 1.3 × 10^-6 m/s. Data suggests sun has vertical magnetic (B) field gradient of 3 G km⁻¹ and horizontal B-field gradient of 0.3 G km⁻¹.

[4]

At the star’s surface, electromagnetic radiation is emitted in the form of particles associated with scattering and emission spectra of electrons, where absorption and emission spectra would be correlated with ejected Quasi-Electrons

[5]

The lightest common gasses (He and H) are typically most abundant in Earth’s upper atmosphere, with 62-84% He and 36-10% H 1000-650 km, respectively. Also, Van Allen Radiation belt (inner 1,000-12,000km) and outer belt 13,000 - 60,000km) are a sink for particles such as electrons. Energy flux of 1361 (W/m²) is received at top of Earth's atmosphere and 1000 W/m² at sea level, atmosphere absorbs 23% and the surface absorbs 48%. Sunlight is 42-44% visible light, 3% UV, and 53% IR. ~49% of solar radiation is IR is between 700nm-1mm. Sunlight at surface is 52-55% IR (> 700 nm), 42% visible (400-700 nm).

2. Methods and Materials

2.1. Ionisation Energy

∇K.E. =∇E_n(6)

4/3 πr³m V =E_n(7)

Kinetic Energy (KE) would be correlated with ejected particles & electrons. Eq 7 assumes a linear sphere particle where E_n is ionisation energy and r is radius. Further models may be based on energy transition and Bohr radius.

\sum {FD}_{Net light}

\sum F_{UV}

+F_IR+F_optical+...F_n(8)

where F is Total Force from electromagnetic spectrum range measured in energy units (joules, calories) or watt/m². Ionisation Energy (E_n) is the lowest energy range to remove the loosely bound electron typically in valence cloud. E_n increases with high charge states and electron spin pairs. As electrons are stripped from gasses on solar surface, Ionisation Energy (E_n) of H is (-13.59eV) and He (-24.6 eV), which would correlates to observed fluxes from ejected e-. KE analysis is outlined in section 3 Results.

2.2. Negative Air Ions (NAIs) from Electrons

NAIs can be generated by a certain wavelength of light when air molecules O₂/N₂ are ionised, or gain e-. NAIs are composed of e- and negatively charged molecules such as O₂⁻, H₂O, CO₃⁻, OH^-, NO₃⁻, and others. NAIs are formed and generated primarily by sunlight, radiant or cosmic rays, as well as plant-based sources of energy, lightning and lenard effect.

[6]

) NAIs such as O₂- form when e- from light or H₂O react to join e- cloud of O₂ via exothermic reaction:

O₂+e^-

\to

O^-+ O or O₂^-(9)

With 8e- per O, shared valence e- forms 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond, with 120 pm (.123nm) bond length, where O₂^-suggests O₂ has extra space and smaller fragments of e-.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. NAI generation by UV lighting. NAI concentration increased to 825 ions/cm^3 under UV light compared to CK control of NAI generation within 8 min after UV lighting

[6]

With NAI generation in Figure 2, this may suggest 2X more electrons scattering from light photons. UV-mediated ionization is dominant NAI source above 60 km of atmosphere, where NAIs accept radiated electrons

[8]

. If electrons have greater mass higher up in atmosphere, this may suggest higher O₂ and N₂ charge states. With materials exposed to atomic oxygen (AO) at altitude of 160–560 km, higher UV rays and higher mass elements split O₂. AO degrades and corrodes polymers from high fluxes which are observed in optic spectrum with reactions and degradation of the 11 types of thermal control materials on ISS

[9]

. With electrons transferred from sunlight and with 157 peer reviewed articles from (Jiang, et al, 2018) on NAI, this suggest photons are electrons or quasi particles.

2.3. Earth & Planetary Vertical Electric Fields

Systems and organisms evolved within Earth's magnetic (B) field .2 to .7 Gauss (20-80µT) and electric (E) field for billions of years

[7]

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Figure 3. Earth’s Vertical Electric Fields.

Figures above outline E field magnetic & B-field flux that acts on flux gradient and ions. Electrical field (E_z) is around 100-300 V/metre with closer to 100V/m or or Nm/C at surface, suggesting Electric field (Ez) increases with altitude km, due to air medium density, and decreases with lower electron mass near surface. As the electric conductivity (σ) of air gradually grows from ~10 to ~10 Siemen /metre, there is a weak conduction current of atmospheric ions moving in the atmospheric electric field, about 2 picoamperes per m². This also correlates with thunderstorm activity or Carnegie curve.

Although the mass of e- photons are not currently known and may range considerably, photon flux radiation data can be compared with e- current density data in watts/m² per Volt. With 1,360 watts /m² at Earth’s atmosphere, 168-1000 W/m² at Earth’s surface and 1kW per m² at equator, electron scattering or mass loss over 400km would suggest 3.4Volts/km or .034V/metre is released on average, which may further be correlated with EQS model outlined below. However, there is around 1E12 O₂ and N₂around 100 km vs 1E8 particles/cm³ at 400 km based on density of atmospheric species as a function of altitude

[10]

. Future work may factor in atmospheric pressure on electron quanta scattering and B-field measurements.

Moreover, magnetic (B) field and Electric (E) fields permeate across skin with cellular effects. With ~150V less Newtons/Coulomb per min after E-field separation in some indoor environments, this is 216 kV less per day on cells and organisms. Effects are further discussed in next section on reduction and oxidation reactions such as photosynthesis.

2.4. Photosynthesis and Redox

6CO₂+ 6H₂₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂(10)

Oxidation and reduction reactions involve loss or gain of electrons. In photosynthesis, H₂O is oxidized with loss of e-, while CO₂ is reduced, or gains electrons to form glucose in chlorophyll plant cells. When fruit are exposed to oxygen or sunlight electrons, oxidation occurs and turns food brown. Electromagnetic light gradient provides catalyst for the below photosynthesis reaction in chlorophyll to split H₂O, capture CO₂ and generate O.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 4. Photosynthesis where e- are removed from H₂O and absorbed in PSI, PSII and proteins in Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

Figure above suggests photons impart electrons on ETC chains. Figure outlines e- transport where e- transfers to P680, and PSI before e- transfer to NADPH to synthesize ATP from ADP. With H₂O, PO₄ and light energy or e- to convert ADP to ATP, e- light flux acts on bonded or valence e- within phosphate groups to unfold/refold PO₄groups. This suggests bidirectional KE flux of e- from ∇f (e-_light) and ∇f (e-_Membrane) is a function of ATP synthesis rates and production, voltage gated ion channels, & output of membrane proteins.

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Figure 5. Cell Membrane Potential where Photons or Electrons follow vector Electric (E) Field Gradient.

2.5. Redox & Corrosion in Solids and Metals

Most literature suggests rust forms from oxides and hydroxides of iron, exposed to oxygen and H₂O. As UV and IR light accelerate corrosion in metals

[11]

corrosion potential increases under sunlight. Loss of valence e- in atoms creates scattering and ejection of surface atoms, which can lead to corrosion over time. Redox e- exchange would be increased at surface defects and holes. Incoming photons and NAIs act on valence e- and atoms at surface, this suggests photons or electrons are a primary force for rust in metals and solids.

3. Results

3.1. Kinetic Energy Analysis

As some Kinetic Energies (KE) are based on 1/2mv² (eV), particle fluxes are modeled based on KE = mv in (ev). KE (eV) = hc/lambda suggests a 1nm electron has 1.5eV energy, which is 2.57% below KE or 0.04eV less than IR at 800 nm that was associated with photon flux.

As higher KE flux is correlated with wavelength, Light from the sun is 52 to 55% IR (> 700 nm), 42% visible (400 to 700 nm), which suggests 1.77eV (700 nm) to 3.099eV (400 nm). UVB (280–315 nm), and UVC (100–280 nm).

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Figure 6. Photon Energy (eV) Infrared (300-700nm) in Similar Range as 1.5eV Electron.

Table 1. Starlight e- Wavelength Kinetic Energy Analysis.

Starlight Electron Wavelength Kinetic Energy Analysis
	nm	meters	KE (eV)= hv/lambda
IR-l	800.00	8.00E-07	0.00242
IR-h	400.00	4.00E-07	0.00484
uvb-l	700.00	7.00E-07	0.00276
uvb-h	315.00	3.15E-07	0.00614
uvc-l	280.00	2.80E-07	0.00691

Table 1 assumes 100% e- mass of ‘9.11E-31 kg’, and h of 6.62607015E−34 j/s. Based on KE =mv, this suggests 4.26E-25 kgm/s flux per photon e-. Due to range of En values for elements, further models, experiments, and data analysis is required.

Table 2. Photon Electron / Sec Flux at Surface at 1000W/m².

Photon Electron / Sec Flux Analysis Earths Surface 1000W/m²
Mass % of e-	33%	66%	100%
Mass of e- (kg)	3.01E-31	6.01E-31	9.11E-31
Photons/m^2	6.65E+27	3.33E+27	2.20E+27
Photons/cm^2	6.65E+23	3.33E+23	2.20E+23
Photons/nm^2	6.65E+09	3.33E+09	2.20E+09
Photons/pm^2	6,653.15	3,326.57	2,195.54
Photons/Watt	6.65E+24	3.33E+24	2.20E+24
% Diff from Previous	212,560.58	106,280.29	70,144.99

Due to the challenge of quantifying how many photons, electrons vs O₂/N₂ molecules in orbit and Earth’s surface, further research may quantify photons vs electron density, velocity, flux, etc. This approach can be developed to other planetary bodies and is further discussed in next section.

3.2. Planetary Photon Electron Radiation Fluxes

Table 3. Solar Flux Planets in Solar System.

Solar Flux Planets in Solar System
	Mercury	Venus	Earth	Mars	Jupiter	Saturn	Neptune	Uranus	Pluto
Solar Flux above Atmosphere (W/m²)	8,750	2,857	1,400	622	52	15	4	2	1
Surface Area (10⁶ km²)	74.8	460.2	510.1	144.4	61420	42700	8083	7618	17.7
Surface Area (m²)	7.48E+13	4.60E+14	5.10E+14	1.44E+14	6.14E+16	4.27E+16	8.08E+15	7.62E+15	1.77E+13
# of Photons/m² @ 30% e- mass	7.83E+28	2.56E+28	1.25E+28	5.57E+27	4.65E+26	1.34E+26	3.58E+25	1.79E+25	8.95E+24
# of Photons/m² @ 70% e- mass	3.36E+28	1.10E+28	5.37E+27	2.39E+27	1.99E+26	5.75E+25	1.53E+25	7.67E+24	3.84E+24
Photons Planet/Photons Earth 30%	625%	204%	100%	44%	3.71%	1.07%	0.29%	0.14%	0.07%
Photons Planet/Photons Earth 70%	625%	204%	100%	44%	4%	1%	0%	0%	0%

Tables 3 and 4 are based on solar flux (W/m²) from (Matloff, et al, 2023). With n =Flux/mass*velocity, this would suggest Mars and Venus have 44% and 204% number of photons or electrons per m² at top of atmosphere compared to Earth.

Table 4. Planetary Flux from Electrons in Atmospheres.

Theoretical Planetary Flux from Electrons in Planet Atmospheres (W/m^2)
% electron of Atmosphere Flux	Mercury	Venus	Earth	Mars	Jupiter	Saturn	Neptune	Uranus	Pluto
Solar Flux above Atmos (W/m²)	8,750	2,857	1,400	622	52	15	4	2	1
1.00%	87.5	28.57	14	6.22	0.52	0.15	0.04	0.02	0.01
5.00%	437.5	142.85	70	31.1	2.6	0.75	0.2	0.1	0.05
10.00%	875	285.7	140	62.2	5.2	1.5	0.4	0.2	0.1
20.00%	1750	571.4	280	124.4	10.4	3	0.8	0.4	0.2
30.00%	2625	857.1	420	186.6	15.6	4.5	1.2	0.6	0.3
40.00%	3500	1142.8	560	248.8	20.8	6	1.6	0.8	0.4

Table 4 outlines solar flux above atmosphere and % range of flux hypothetically reaching planet’s surface. Model excludes atmospheric height and assuming constant particle velocity. Percent of flux from electrons can be computed to account for radiation flux from higher mass elements such as hydrogen, helium, beta, and gamma rays. The planetary flux analysis and data help advance models of space systems, solar panels in orbit of planets and on surface of planets. Future analysis correlates photon electrons with surface and atmosphere temperature, altitude, E and B-field gradients.

3.3. Light Absorption in Skin & Sunlight Vitamins

As EM fields related to light and have effects on biology, photobiomodulation (PBM) with red and near-infrared (IR) light has beneficial effects in animal models of diseases.

[12]

. UV is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength from 10-400 nm, corresponding to penetration depth between 20-150 μm in human skin

[13]

. Visible red wavelengths 600-700 nm red light — can absorb 4-5mm into the skin. Moreover, Cytochrome c oxidase (CYP), absorb infrared light near the unit IV respiratory chain mitochondria

[14]

and could absorb wavelengths of electromagnetic spectrum to produce ATP. Moreover, Vitamin D and other vitamins are synthesized in mammalian skin in skin keratinocytes through the absorption of UV and IR photons or electrons. Where photolysis helps to oxidize, break B-ring and re-orient covalent pairs of two e- in C-C single bonds (154pm) and forms two double C=C bonds (134 pm) on second ring structure of pre-D3, which can further be photolysed.

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Figure 7. Light Acting on Pre-vitamin D3 where 2-electron

σ

covalent bonds are re-oriented and relocated.

Local e- deposition is a function of e- volume to valence and covalent e- charge ratio, and radian interatomic pauli repulsion forces (∇FP) between e- orbitals for bond alignment geometry. With temperature of <5,772 K at solar surface, IR and Visible wavelengths are radiated outward, based on E=hc/lambda, a 645 nm particle would have 1.92eV energy per ‘photon’ or electron, where 1eV = 1.6E-19J, if traveling at C=3E8 m/s. Further KE analysis may be based on average translational kinetic energy (KE (eV) = 3/2kT) and Stefan-Boltzmann (SB) equation. KE=3/2kT suggests 0.7598 eV energy released for reactions at 5600K at Solar surface.

As Pressure/Area = F, where F is flux in w/sq m, Planck Radiation Law also quantifies energy radiated where s= 5.67 x 10^-8 Joule/ (m²sec K⁴). Considering every reaction has an equal and opposite reaction based on Newton’s Third Law of Motion, this effect is further demonstrated from Compton Scattering and Photoelectric effect, where electrons are ejected or scattered from matter and irradiated sample volume can be calculated. With photon flux and radiation correlated to eV and mass, some sources suggest solar wind has 4-12 N/cm3 (9 n/cm3) with average 2.05E-3 W/m^2 in particle energy and 6.2 B Field and 1.7E-13 W/m^2 magnetic energy density outlined from

[18]

4. Discussion

4.1. Quantum Mechanics

With +½ or -½ opposite angular spin charge states, negative photons are fragments derived from electrons with opposite spin charge. Photons of different sizes have masses and spin magnetic moments with negative photon velocity shift ~0.0295 ppm.

[16]

Electron orbiting a proton in H are observed to travel at 1/137c or 2,190km/s, which would be correlated to E_n and KE flux difference.

rcos²(t), rsin²(t), rsin²(t) = r²(11)

∇F= δ/dt[rcos²(t), rsin²(t), rsin²(t)] (12)

Curl is the rate of change or rotation of vector field, defined as cross product of length that corresponds to the speed of the rotation. A vector field has a curl of zero if it does not exhibit any rotational behavior around point.

4.2. Red Shift and Tired Light

(13)

Astronomers use spectroscopy to measure redshift, which is believed to have higher accuracy considering current velocity ranges. A redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and reduces or stretches the frequency. Doppler Effect and Tired Light model also suggest light loses energy with time, distance, and collision, with Tired Light proposed in 1929 by Fritz Zwicky. After Einstein proposed light quanta in 1905 and Relativity, Arthur Compton published a paper In 1923, verifying derivation (λ’-λ =h/m_ec)(1-cosθ), where m_e is e- rest mass, c is velocity of particle, theta is scattering angle, and h is plancks constant. H/m_ec is also compton wavelength of e-, as CODATA 2022 value is generally considered at ~ 2.43E-12 m

[19]

Planetary and Solar Electromagnetic Lensing (SEL) was recently discovered by K. Lutz which opposes solar gravitational lensing (SGL). SEL/PEL better characterizes ions flowing the plasma wake around a body to converge at magnetic reconnection focal point.

[17]

At solar reconnection point 100 to 200 Re downtail (e.g., Walker et al. 1999), orders of magnitude more photons. As Earth accelerates e- as an electron accelerator

[20]

, research suggests photons or electrons have charge.

4.3. Electromagnetic Quanta Scattering (EQS)

The Electromagnetic Quanta Scattering (EQS) model is first outlined and derived by Kole Lutz in 2024 where EQS Curl Vector (∇xF) models magnitude change in circulation density and flux density vector of Quanta and EM Quanta Divergence (EQD) Model. EQS and EQD may be used to characterize absorption/emission events, and to characterize quanta wave e- fragments ejected.

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Figure 9. EQS Curl Model of Quanta in Motion around Electron.

where Figure a) above suggests angular velocity vector of particles coupling or converging in Z/ZY plane or or ρ, θ, φ or nearest neighbor in rad/sec or deg/sec. If θ_Q-Scatter > 180 or θ_scatter as highlighted in Figure b, this may suggest a quanta e- radiated in similar direction of B-field or E-field. EQS and EQD Model would be correlated with electric and magnetic field intensities outlined in Equation:

∇Q(

ρ

) ~∇

\cdot E + \nabla \cdot B

(14)

where Q=

ρ

_Q/

ε_{0}^{}

is quanta volume density and F=

ρ

_Q = m

\cdot

B=NI/2πr (15)

Fb=B/A(16)

where F_b is magnetic field force and N is coil turns.

B=V(Q)*n*m (17)

As greater turns in a wire generates higher radiated energy, this may suggest e- quanta overlap density with tighter wraps that increase micro Tesla. When electrons collide at angles with EMI, scattered quanta is emitted via EM radiation with collisions in XX, YY, ZZ axis and other spin axis. With up to 4.68E14 nm/sec spin, every one collision suggests cascade of electrons are more perpendicular to flow, where valence electrons are most susceptible.

ψ

₁(t) = -ω rsin(ωt+ φ) (18)

ΣF = KE = Σ \nabla xF (Ψ_{1}^{} x Ψ_{2}^{})

(19)

Wave Equation above outlines Ψ quanta velocity with x, y, z vector cross product. Following absorption-emission events in gas medium, electron- quanta particles.

\frac{1}{∆ m (Ψ_{e}^{})} ~ \frac{∆ E}{∆ t} and \frac{∆ B}{∆ t}

J=L+S (20)

change in mass

∆

m of electron (Ψe) is inversely correlated with E (mV/m) and B Field (G) magnitude flux density.

J_(edge)(t)/J_Q(t)=J_{OffSpin Ratio}(21)

where average Angular momentum (J) spin near e- cloud edge and Quanta scattered suggest off spin ratio correlated with dt during decoupling-scattering.

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Figure 10. Potential Relationships between e- Quanta.

S(E) = -dE/dx -dE/dy-dE/dz(22)

As particles collide with medium, the deposited energy can be obtained by taking derivative of the entire path length of the ion of E and B-field. Stopping power S(E) equal to the loss of energy E per unit path length. As ~ velocity, KEx KEy KEz of radiated quanta is modeled by deposited energy or irradiance loss. As particles slow down to rest, less magnitude of vector near each axis suggests minimal quanta scattered or radiation loss, whereby the electron quanta would be maximally coupled. In approaching maxima of wave, scatterer would have > V or ∂x/∂t or ∂KE.

Future experiments in a lab that may require funding may quantify electron mass, spin charge, and velocity’s with single photon detectors (e.g., TES, KIDs, SNSPDs, SQUIDs, and bolometers). In summary, the Electromagnetic Quanta Scattering (EQS) Model may be used to characterize absorption/emission events, and to characterize quanta wave e- fragments ejected.

5. Conclusions

Research holds potential to improve weather and climate models and to quantify e- interactions in atmosphere, to characterize absorption spectra, and light flux from stars.

Photon Electron / Sec Flux Analysis Earth’s Surface suggests 2 to 6.65x10²⁴ photon electrons/watts at 100-33% electron mass.

Incoming Photons as electron flux helps to characterize and improve accuracy of redox reactions and photosynthesis rates

Research improves physics, weather climate models, power systems (PV Cells, detectors, etc.), and materials across a variety of fields

Research holds potential to increase instrument sensitivity for Earth & planetary science, fundamental physics & biological research, laser communication, and astrophysics.

Abbreviations

ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate
ADP	Adenosine Diphosphate
EM	Electromagnetic
ETC	Electron Transport Chain
EQS	Electromagnetic Quanta Scattering
EQD	Electromagnetic Quanta Divergence
eV	Electron Volts
IR	Infrared
KE	Kinetic Energy
NAIs	Negative Air Ions
SEL	Solar Electromagnetic Lensing
UV	Ultraviolet

Acknowledgments

Author K. Lutz thanks friends and family and MPU University and Magneto Space for helping sustain research. The authors confirm this material or similar material has not been published in any other publication.

Author Contributions

Kolemann Lutz is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work is not supported by any external funding. There are no conflicts of interest to report and no competing financial interests exist.

Data Availability Statement

The data supporting the outcome of this research work has been reported in this manuscript. The data is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest and no competing financial interests.

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Lutz, K. (2025). Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars. International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science, 13(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12

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Lutz, K. Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars. Int. J. Astrophys. Space Sci. 2025, 13(1), 11-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12

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AMA Style

Lutz K. Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars. Int J Astrophys Space Sci. 2025;13(1):11-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12,
  author = {Kolemann Lutz},
  title = {Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars
},
  journal = {International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijass.20251301.12},
  abstract = {From the 1900s to 2020s, humans believed photons were massless particles. However, solar wind is made of ionized particles such as hydrogen and helium stripped of electrons. This study is one of the first to identify photons as electrons based on analysis with photosynthesis, oxidation reduction reactions, ionization energy, vertical electric fields, and negative air ions (NAIs), when O2 combines with electron to form O2-. Earth's electrical field is around 100-300 V/metre which further suggests charge is due to light photons or electrons. Electron kinetic and ionization energies of both electrons (e-) and photons are analyzed. A photon electron radiation flux analysis across each planetary body also quantifies photons/m2, which helps to advance systems and models in orbit and at surface of planets. After first discovery of photons as electrons from Kole Lutz in 2024, research helps to quantify electron interactions, absorption/emission to improve weather climate models, photosynthesis, power systems (PV Cells, detectors, etc.), corrosion redox reactions, and materials across a variety of fields from energy, communication to biology and space systems. Research holds potential to increase instrument sensitivity for Earth and planetary science, physics, lasers, communication, and to characterize absorption spectra, and light flux from stars.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars

AU  - Kolemann Lutz
Y1  - 2025/02/25
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12
T2  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
JF  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
JO  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
SP  - 11
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7022
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12
AB  - From the 1900s to 2020s, humans believed photons were massless particles. However, solar wind is made of ionized particles such as hydrogen and helium stripped of electrons. This study is one of the first to identify photons as electrons based on analysis with photosynthesis, oxidation reduction reactions, ionization energy, vertical electric fields, and negative air ions (NAIs), when O2 combines with electron to form O2-. Earth's electrical field is around 100-300 V/metre which further suggests charge is due to light photons or electrons. Electron kinetic and ionization energies of both electrons (e-) and photons are analyzed. A photon electron radiation flux analysis across each planetary body also quantifies photons/m2, which helps to advance systems and models in orbit and at surface of planets. After first discovery of photons as electrons from Kole Lutz in 2024, research helps to quantify electron interactions, absorption/emission to improve weather climate models, photosynthesis, power systems (PV Cells, detectors, etc.), corrosion redox reactions, and materials across a variety of fields from energy, communication to biology and space systems. Research holds potential to increase instrument sensitivity for Earth and planetary science, physics, lasers, communication, and to characterize absorption spectra, and light flux from stars.

VL  - 13
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Kolemann Lutz

Earth and Planetary Science Department, Multiplanet University, Washington DC, United States

Biography: Kolemann Lutz is a researcher with 6+ years in R&D, physics, materials, space, astrophysics, and math. He has published 25+ research publications to advance physics, biology, engineering, & life on Earth, in space, and beyond. He is the Cofounder and Fac-ulty of Multiplanet University. In cofounding MPU in 2020, Kole-mann has lead team of 20+ staff, faculty and researchers. He is an alumni from ISU in Space Systems Engineering in 2020, graduated with a Bachelors of Science from University of Mary Washington (UMW) in 2017, and studied physics from several universities UVA & UMW. He was recently awarded Top 100 Men in Aero-space in 2022 and is a Lead Scientist and PI with proposed NASA Projects and Missions.

Research Fields: Earth, Planetary Space Sciences, Physics, applied mathematics, electromagnetism, Astrophysics, Heliophysics, Aerospace Systems, Materials Science and Engineering

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2918-1728

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Lutz, K. (2025). Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars. International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science, 13(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12

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ACS Style

Lutz, K. Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars. Int. J. Astrophys. Space Sci. 2025, 13(1), 11-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Lutz K. Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars. Int J Astrophys Space Sci. 2025;13(1):11-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12,
  author = {Kolemann Lutz},
  title = {Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars
},
  journal = {International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijass.20251301.12},
  abstract = {From the 1900s to 2020s, humans believed photons were massless particles. However, solar wind is made of ionized particles such as hydrogen and helium stripped of electrons. This study is one of the first to identify photons as electrons based on analysis with photosynthesis, oxidation reduction reactions, ionization energy, vertical electric fields, and negative air ions (NAIs), when O2 combines with electron to form O2-. Earth's electrical field is around 100-300 V/metre which further suggests charge is due to light photons or electrons. Electron kinetic and ionization energies of both electrons (e-) and photons are analyzed. A photon electron radiation flux analysis across each planetary body also quantifies photons/m2, which helps to advance systems and models in orbit and at surface of planets. After first discovery of photons as electrons from Kole Lutz in 2024, research helps to quantify electron interactions, absorption/emission to improve weather climate models, photosynthesis, power systems (PV Cells, detectors, etc.), corrosion redox reactions, and materials across a variety of fields from energy, communication to biology and space systems. Research holds potential to increase instrument sensitivity for Earth and planetary science, physics, lasers, communication, and to characterize absorption spectra, and light flux from stars.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Sunlight Photons Made of Electrons from Stars

AU  - Kolemann Lutz
Y1  - 2025/02/25
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12
T2  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
JF  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
JO  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
SP  - 11
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7022
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20251301.12
AB  - From the 1900s to 2020s, humans believed photons were massless particles. However, solar wind is made of ionized particles such as hydrogen and helium stripped of electrons. This study is one of the first to identify photons as electrons based on analysis with photosynthesis, oxidation reduction reactions, ionization energy, vertical electric fields, and negative air ions (NAIs), when O2 combines with electron to form O2-. Earth's electrical field is around 100-300 V/metre which further suggests charge is due to light photons or electrons. Electron kinetic and ionization energies of both electrons (e-) and photons are analyzed. A photon electron radiation flux analysis across each planetary body also quantifies photons/m2, which helps to advance systems and models in orbit and at surface of planets. After first discovery of photons as electrons from Kole Lutz in 2024, research helps to quantify electron interactions, absorption/emission to improve weather climate models, photosynthesis, power systems (PV Cells, detectors, etc.), corrosion redox reactions, and materials across a variety of fields from energy, communication to biology and space systems. Research holds potential to increase instrument sensitivity for Earth and planetary science, physics, lasers, communication, and to characterize absorption spectra, and light flux from stars.

VL  - 13
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download