Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful more than industrial chemicals because humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzoalconium chloride (BAC) and dibromo nitrilepropionamide (DBNPA) are two biocides which are frequently used in the water treatment industry. Therefore, risk assessment of them are quite urgent. Hence, in this study, we investigate safety and potential toxicity of these biocides. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups of five. Seven groups related to BAC and seven groups related to DBNPA, which received separately doses of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), as they were treated orally (gavage) every 48 hours for two weeks; so that each group received a total of seven doses, respectively. Biochemical markers and hematological parameters were evaluated for toxicity assessment of BAC and DBNPA in female wistar rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the toxicity of DBNPA was more than BAC. The safe concentration was obtained 175 and 75.5 mg/kg in water for BAC and DBNPA, respectively. LD50 for BAC was 2346 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), and for the DBNPA was 1062 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg). Lymphocyte level was significantly raised in groups that were treated with high doses of DBNPA. Other hematological parameters were not different significantly in both groups. In addition, there were no significant changes in biochemical parameters in both groups. Conclusion: To be conclude, BAC and DBNPA are safe and using them with standard concentrations in water treatment industries does not pose a problem for human health.
| Published in | International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 8, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11 |
| Page(s) | 33-36 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Benzalkonium Chloride, Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide, Ld50, Toxicity, Rat
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APA Style
Aref Barkhordari, Jalal Hassan, Raham Armand, Ehsan Zayerzadeh, Mohammad Kazem Koohi. (2023). Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 8(3), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11
ACS Style
Aref Barkhordari; Jalal Hassan; Raham Armand; Ehsan Zayerzadeh; Mohammad Kazem Koohi. Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2023, 8(3), 33-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11
AMA Style
Aref Barkhordari, Jalal Hassan, Raham Armand, Ehsan Zayerzadeh, Mohammad Kazem Koohi. Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2023;8(3):33-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11
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Download@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11,
author = {Aref Barkhordari and Jalal Hassan and Raham Armand and Ehsan Zayerzadeh and Mohammad Kazem Koohi},
title = {Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats},
journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
volume = {8},
number = {3},
pages = {33-36},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20230803.11},
abstract = {Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful more than industrial chemicals because humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzoalconium chloride (BAC) and dibromo nitrilepropionamide (DBNPA) are two biocides which are frequently used in the water treatment industry. Therefore, risk assessment of them are quite urgent. Hence, in this study, we investigate safety and potential toxicity of these biocides. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups of five. Seven groups related to BAC and seven groups related to DBNPA, which received separately doses of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), as they were treated orally (gavage) every 48 hours for two weeks; so that each group received a total of seven doses, respectively. Biochemical markers and hematological parameters were evaluated for toxicity assessment of BAC and DBNPA in female wistar rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the toxicity of DBNPA was more than BAC. The safe concentration was obtained 175 and 75.5 mg/kg in water for BAC and DBNPA, respectively. LD50 for BAC was 2346 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), and for the DBNPA was 1062 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg). Lymphocyte level was significantly raised in groups that were treated with high doses of DBNPA. Other hematological parameters were not different significantly in both groups. In addition, there were no significant changes in biochemical parameters in both groups. Conclusion: To be conclude, BAC and DBNPA are safe and using them with standard concentrations in water treatment industries does not pose a problem for human health.},
year = {2023}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Toxicity Assessment of Benzalkonium Chloride and Dibromo Nitrilopropionamide in Wistar Rats AU - Aref Barkhordari AU - Jalal Hassan AU - Raham Armand AU - Ehsan Zayerzadeh AU - Mohammad Kazem Koohi Y1 - 2023/09/06 PY - 2023 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11 T2 - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology JF - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology JO - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology SP - 33 EP - 36 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-1735 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20230803.11 AB - Background: Biocides are compounds that could be obtained from natural sources or through chemical synthesis. They used to control or prevent harmful organisms. They contain active ingredients such as microorganisms and substances that affect harmful organisms. Although low-concentration biocides have been used to control pests, they can be harmful more than industrial chemicals because humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzoalconium chloride (BAC) and dibromo nitrilepropionamide (DBNPA) are two biocides which are frequently used in the water treatment industry. Therefore, risk assessment of them are quite urgent. Hence, in this study, we investigate safety and potential toxicity of these biocides. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups of five. Seven groups related to BAC and seven groups related to DBNPA, which received separately doses of 50, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), as they were treated orally (gavage) every 48 hours for two weeks; so that each group received a total of seven doses, respectively. Biochemical markers and hematological parameters were evaluated for toxicity assessment of BAC and DBNPA in female wistar rats. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the toxicity of DBNPA was more than BAC. The safe concentration was obtained 175 and 75.5 mg/kg in water for BAC and DBNPA, respectively. LD50 for BAC was 2346 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg), and for the DBNPA was 1062 mg / kg body weight (mg / kg). Lymphocyte level was significantly raised in groups that were treated with high doses of DBNPA. Other hematological parameters were not different significantly in both groups. In addition, there were no significant changes in biochemical parameters in both groups. Conclusion: To be conclude, BAC and DBNPA are safe and using them with standard concentrations in water treatment industries does not pose a problem for human health. VL - 8 IS - 3 ER -
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