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An Overview of Etulo: An Idomoid Language

Received: 12 January 2021     Accepted: 19 May 2021     Published: 7 June 2021
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Abstract

Etulo is an Idomoid language spoken in two Nigerian states: Taraba and Benue. This work gives an overview of the core linguistic features of Etulo as spoken in Benue state. At the phonological level, we highlight the Etulo sound system, its tonal features, syllable structure and the most common phonological processes attested. At the morphological level, we focus on its derivational morphology which involves morphological processes such as affixation, reduplication and compounding. We give a list of the identified word classes with emphasis on the noun and verbal system. Also discussed, are grammatical features which are considered areal such as its rich class of ideophones and verb serialization. Our findings show that Etulo shares some core structural features with other Idomoid languages such as Idoma. The data used for this study are obtained from Etulo language consultants who are native speakers. We adopt a descriptive approach in the analysis of the Etulo language data.

Published in International Journal of Language and Linguistics (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20
Page(s) 133-139
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Etulo, Derivational Morphology, Ideophones, Verb Serialization, Idomoid, Phonology

References
[1] Adams, Inyani (2010) Tonal features of Etulo. MA thesis. Benue State University, Markurdi.
[2] Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2006) Serial verb construction in typological perspective. In Aikhenvald, A. Y & R. M. W Dixon (eds.), Serial verb construction: a cross linguistic typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1-60.
[3] Ameka, Felix K. (1999) Ideophones and the nature of the adjectives word class in Ewe. In F. K. E. Voeltz, & C. Kilian-Hatz (eds.), Ideophones. 25-48 Amsterdam: Benjamins.
[4] Armstrong, Robert G. (1964) Notes on Etulo. Journal of West African Languages. Vol 1 (2). 57-60.
[5] Armstrong, Robert G. (1983) The Idomoid languages of the Benue and Cross-River valleys. Journal of West African Languages. Vol. 13 (1).
[6] Armstrong, G. (1989) Idomoid. In John Bendor Samuel & Rhonda Hartel (eds.), The Niger Congo languages: a classification and description of Africa’s largest language family. Lanham: University Press of America.
[7] Azeb, Amha. (1999) Ideophones and compound verbs in Wolaitta. In F. K. Erhnard Voeltz & Christa Kilian-Hatz (eds.), Ideophones. Amsterdamn: John Benjamins. 49-64.
[8] Courtenay, K. (1976). Ideophones defined as a phonological class: The case of Yoruba. Studies in African linguistics Supplement 6: 13-26.
[9] Egbokare, F. O. (1999) Phonosemantic correspondences in Emai attributive ideophones. In F. K. Erhnard Voeltz & Christa Kilian-Hatz (eds.), Ideophones. Amsterdamn: John Benjamins.
[10] Ezenwafor, C. I. (2017) A Grammatical Sketch of Etulo PhD Dissertation. Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.
[11] Gbor, J. W. T. (1974) The Origin, Migration and Settlement of the Tiv in the Benue valley. BA thesis. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
[12] Gordon, R. J. (2005) Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Edition 15. Dallas: TXSIL International.
[13] Hanior, E. A. (1989) Land disputes in Tiv land: Mbagen vs Etulo communities; a case study. MA thesis. University of Jos.
[14] Maduka, D. N (1983). Igbo Ideophones and the Lexicon. Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria 2. 22-29.
[15] NBBT (2012) Reading and writing in Etulo. (A trial edition-unpublished).
[16] Shain, R. (1988) Ethnologue 14 report for language code: utr. Ethnologue and bibliography information on Etulo.
[17] Tabe, S. (2007) A Brief History of the Etulo: An Introduction to Divine Kingship. Makurdi: Aboki Publishers.
[18] Williamson, K. (1984) Practical Orthography in Nigeria: Principles and Practice. Ibadan: Heinmann Educational books Ltd.
[19] Willamson, K. & Blench. (2000) Niger-Congo. In Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse (eds.), African languages: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11-42.
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  • APA Style

    Chikelu Ihunanya Ezenwafor-Afuecheta, Inyani Adams. (2021). An Overview of Etulo: An Idomoid Language. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 9(3), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20

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    ACS Style

    Chikelu Ihunanya Ezenwafor-Afuecheta; Inyani Adams. An Overview of Etulo: An Idomoid Language. Int. J. Lang. Linguist. 2021, 9(3), 133-139. doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20

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    AMA Style

    Chikelu Ihunanya Ezenwafor-Afuecheta, Inyani Adams. An Overview of Etulo: An Idomoid Language. Int J Lang Linguist. 2021;9(3):133-139. doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20,
      author = {Chikelu Ihunanya Ezenwafor-Afuecheta and Inyani Adams},
      title = {An Overview of Etulo: An Idomoid Language},
      journal = {International Journal of Language and Linguistics},
      volume = {9},
      number = {3},
      pages = {133-139},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20210903.20},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijll.20210903.20},
      abstract = {Etulo is an Idomoid language spoken in two Nigerian states: Taraba and Benue. This work gives an overview of the core linguistic features of Etulo as spoken in Benue state. At the phonological level, we highlight the Etulo sound system, its tonal features, syllable structure and the most common phonological processes attested. At the morphological level, we focus on its derivational morphology which involves morphological processes such as affixation, reduplication and compounding. We give a list of the identified word classes with emphasis on the noun and verbal system. Also discussed, are grammatical features which are considered areal such as its rich class of ideophones and verb serialization. Our findings show that Etulo shares some core structural features with other Idomoid languages such as Idoma. The data used for this study are obtained from Etulo language consultants who are native speakers. We adopt a descriptive approach in the analysis of the Etulo language data.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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    AB  - Etulo is an Idomoid language spoken in two Nigerian states: Taraba and Benue. This work gives an overview of the core linguistic features of Etulo as spoken in Benue state. At the phonological level, we highlight the Etulo sound system, its tonal features, syllable structure and the most common phonological processes attested. At the morphological level, we focus on its derivational morphology which involves morphological processes such as affixation, reduplication and compounding. We give a list of the identified word classes with emphasis on the noun and verbal system. Also discussed, are grammatical features which are considered areal such as its rich class of ideophones and verb serialization. Our findings show that Etulo shares some core structural features with other Idomoid languages such as Idoma. The data used for this study are obtained from Etulo language consultants who are native speakers. We adopt a descriptive approach in the analysis of the Etulo language data.
    VL  - 9
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Author Information
  • Department of Linguistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Linguistics, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria

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