This study focuses on determining the thermomechanical properties of clay extracted from the Kangartoulo brickyard site in Massakory, reinforced with seyal gum arabic for sustainable development construction applications. Raw earth has been used and is used in the construction field for its abundance and low environmental impact. The experimental results of thermal tests show that a decrease in thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity is observed for a gum arabic content below 4%, followed by a slight increase beyond this threshold and also by varying the compaction pressure from 3 to 6 MPa. Regarding mechanical properties, the simple compressive strength almost tripled with the addition of gum arabic from 0 to 8%, it increased from 3.2 to 9.4 MPa for compaction pressures ranging from 3 to 6 MPa. The three-point bending strength has also been improved, increasing from 0.78 to 2.10 MPa for the same binder contents. The numerical simulation carried out with the RETScreen software made it possible to estimate an energy gain of 29% for the optimal formulation retained compared to cementitious materials.
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
The current trend is the return to the use of building materials that reduce environmental impact, are less energy-intensive and locally available in abundance. The significant share of energy consumed by the building sector, coupled with the ever-increasing price of energy, has led researchers to focus on the problems of building thermal energy
[1]
Toussakoe, K., E. Ouedraogo, K. B. Imbga, A. Messan and F. P. Kieno (2021). "Mechanical and thermo-physical characterization of adobe used in the Nubian vault." Afrique Science 19(5): 186-199.
[1]
. Raw earth is used for construction and is widespread throughout the world due to its geological formation, which is the degradation of parent rocks. This makes it available almost everywhere and therefore accessible to low-income populations
[2]
Ouedraogo, K. A. J. (2019). Stabilization of sustainable and ecological construction materials based on raw earth using organic and/or mineral binders with low environmental impacts, Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III University.
[2]
. The local and natural nature of these local materials also plays an important role in sustainable construction and mitigating carbon emissions linked to transport. Building with these can reduce the amount of energy consumed during the construction phase by up to 215% and the environmental impact linked to transport by up to 453%
[3]
Charai, M. (2021). Design and characterization of new bio-sourced eco-materials for sustainable building construction, Paris-Est University; Mohammed Premier University Oujda (Morocco).
[3]
. The development of sustainable construction practices is therefore essential, not only to comply with current greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, but also to limit energy consumption in buildings on a global scale
[4]
Boeny V. & Rakotomalala J. (2015) Synthesis of the stabilization of Raw Earth Elements for the Construction of Buildings. 33rd Meetings of the AUGC, ISABTP/UPPA, 1-9.
[4]
. Its most important advantages are its low-energy implementation, its aesthetic qualities and its good thermal inertia. The latter allows for a cool home in summer and retains heat in winter, however its disadvantages are its lack of mechanical strength without additives, its systematic cracking due to shrinkage and its problem related to its sensitivity to water
[5]
Taallah, B. (2014). Study of the physico-mechanical behavior of compressed earth blocks with fibers. Mohamed Khider University, Biskra.
[5]
.
Our choice of the Kangartoulo brickyard site in Massakory is justified because the clay identification study was previously carried out by
[6]
Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat, Abdallah Dadi Mahamat, Mahamat Barka, et al., (2023). Identification Study and Mechanical Characterization Clay Stabilized by Gum Arabic Seyal. International Journal and Advanced Research 11(5): 1-9.
[6]
. In this perspective, the mechanical and thermophysical parameters for the safety and thermal comfort of occupants are studied in this article.
2. Material and Methods
This section allows us to review the material used and the methods adopted for the mechanical and thermophysical tests.
Clay Soil
The choice of this basic material is not accidental, clay is a promising material due to its local availability, low environmental impact and ease of processing. However, it is crucial to consider maintenance requirements to ensure its durability. Clay is a loamy soil composed mainly of hydrated aluminum silicates that is used in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, pottery, etc. when the soil exceeds 30% of its proportion of clay particles, it is considered a clay
[7]
DIATTA, M. T. (2016). Clay raw materials from Senegal: characteristics and applications to mass-produced ceramic products. University of Limoges; Assane Seck University (Ziguinchor, Senegal).
[7]
. Clay minerals are in fact phyllosilicates, and their tetrahedral and octahedral layered structure is fundamental to understanding their unique properties. They are differentiated by the arrangement of these two layers
[8]
Jozja, N. (2003). Study of Albanian clay materials. Multi-scale characterization of a magnesium bentonite. University of Orléans.
[8]
. The main compositions of the latter are silica, alumina and other elements that assemble to form layered structures. This layered structure and the presence of water molecules between the layers give clays different characteristics.
3. Main Caracteristics of the Clay
The geotechnical study of this clay was previously carried out by
[6]
Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat, Abdallah Dadi Mahamat, Mahamat Barka, et al., (2023). Identification Study and Mechanical Characterization Clay Stabilized by Gum Arabic Seyal. International Journal and Advanced Research 11(5): 1-9.
Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat, Abdallah Dadi Mahamat, Mahamat Barka, et al., (2023). Identification Study and Mechanical Characterization Clay Stabilized by Gum Arabic Seyal. International Journal and Advanced Research 11(5): 1-9.
[6]
.
Paramters
Symbols
Values
Liquid limit
LL (%)
44
Plastic limit
LP (%)
21
Plasticity index
IP (%)
23
Water content
W (%)
19.4
Methylene blue value
VBS
2.65
Activity
ACB
7.57
Specific gravity
γs(g/cm3)
2.40
4. Admixture
In general, adding an adjuvant to raw earth works by coating the earth particles and reducing their mobility. Gum arabic, from the acacia seyal tree, is used as an adjuvant. However, the latter is the fourth Chadian product and has given Chad the world’s leading exporting country for friable gum arabic known as talha. Gum arabic is very soluble in water, of low viscosity and used as an emulsifier, stabilizer, or binder, and as a source of soluble dietary fiber. Only the exudates of acacia senegal and acacia seyal are recognized as gum arabic by the Food Codex under the name E414. The gum from acacia seyal is more friable than the hard drops of the acacia senegal
[9]
Seybou, D. E., et al., (2016) Gum arabic: A source of income for vulnerable rural households. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 18(2): p. 358.
[9]
. It is a unique natural carbohydrate that has properties similar to those of cement, a mineral material such as dissolution in water, adhesiveness and bonding, agglomeration and coating of aggregates.
[10]
Bozabe RK, Toukourou CA, Gbaguidi GA. (2013). Study of the physico-mechanical characteristics of micro-concrete tiles manufactured locally from gum arabic. Africa Science: International Journal of Science and Technology 9: 1-15.
Figure 1. Gum arabic in granulate (a) and powder (b)
5. Mechanical Caracterization
Mechanical tests are essential for characterizing materials, they must possess specific mechanical properties to ensure structural strength and occupant safety. They are essential to ensure that the materials used in construction meet the required performance and safety standards. The samples used for these tests are compressed with a compaction pressure that varies from 3 to 6 MPa and stabilized with gum arabic depending on its content, which ranges from 0 to 8%. These tests allow the determination of important properties such as simple compressive strength and flexural/tensile strength. The CBR press is used for crushing parallelepiped specimens of dimensions 4×4×16 cm3 through its two simple compression and three-point bending cells, also the 10 kN ring is used for these tests. Figure 2 shows the CBR press.
Figure 2. CBR press with different three-point bending and single compression cells.
The following equations (1) and (2) are used to determine the simple compression and fthree-point bending strengths:
(1)
(2)
5.1. Thermophysical Characterization
Thermal characterization of materials is an important step in many fields of engineering and research. It allows the determination of the thermal properties of materials, such as thermal conductivity, thermal effusivity, etc. These are essential for understanding the behavior of materials under different temperature conditions and for designing thermally comfortable systems. The methods aim to measure the amount of heat passing through a material in response to a temperature gradient. The thermal measuring device used is the FP2C conductivity meter equipped with two hot wire and hot plane probes that respectively measure the thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity of solid materials.
Figure 3. FP2C conductivity meter with its accessories.
Thermal conductivity is one of the most sought-after thermophysical properties for building materials. The heat flux density expressed in W. m2 is given by equation 3.
(3)
Thermal effusivity is an essential property for understanding heat exchange between a material and its environment. It depends on the thermal conductivity and thermal inertia of the material. It has important applications in many fields, including construction.
(4)
Thermal resistance (Rth) of a wall represents its ability to resist the passage of heat. The higher it is, the more insulating the wall is and the less heat it allows to pass through. It is expressed in m2. K/W. Thermal resistance is defined by the following relationship:
(5)
5.2. Numerical Simulation
It consists of performing thermal balances of the two buildings, one is built with a reference material with cement bricks (concrete block) and the other is built with the study clay-based bricks.
The software takes into account climate data by referring to a meteorological database from NASA soils and satellites.
6. Results and Discussion
The granulometric analysis and the physicochemical test carried out by
[6]
Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat, Abdallah Dadi Mahamat, Mahamat Barka, et al., (2023). Identification Study and Mechanical Characterization Clay Stabilized by Gum Arabic Seyal. International Journal and Advanced Research 11(5): 1-9.
[6]
show that the soil is made up of 55% clay, 17% silt and 28% sand. Silica (SiO2) and iron (Fe2O3) are the major elements followed by magnesium (MnO). However, the sum of the three elements, namely silica, iron and alumina, is greater than 70%, which corresponds to the provisions of the ASTMC618 standard, and the Alumina/Silica ratio provides information on the material’s permeability to moisture; the determined of the material content is to 8.64%.
This clayey soil is low in calcium and potassium but is very suitable for BTC according to the granulometric results and the Atterberg limits.
The combination of LL and LP defines the soil’s sensitivity to humidity variations, the plastic properties of a soil can be represented on a plasticity diagram delimiting the BTC domain
[11]
Miraucourt, D. (2017). Stabilization of raw earth material for application in compressed earth bricks in Burkina Faso.
[11]
. According to the XP P 13-901 standard, the Kangartoulo brickyard soil is suitable for brick production. The plasticity index and liquid limit are the BTC range.
Figure 6. Diagram determining the domain of BTC (XP P 13-901 standard)
The curves of the three-point bending and simple compressive strengths are given as a function of compaction pressures ranging from 3 to 6 MPa and percentages of gum arabic ranging from 0 to 8%.
Figure 7. Simple compressive strengths as a function of percentage of gum arabic and compaction pressure.
For a given compaction pressure, when increasing from 0 to 8% of gum arabic, the compressive strength triples. For the average compaction pressure (4.5 MPa), The compaction pressure determines the compressive strength of the blocks. For higher pressures, the maximum stress reached is higher
[12]
NASSAR, S. (2024). Design and characterization of compressed earth blocks based on dredged sediments. Academic Journal of Civil Engineering, 42, 960-969.
[12]
, in the same vein
[5]
Taallah, B. (2014). Study of the physico-mechanical behavior of compressed earth blocks with fibers. Mohamed Khider University, Biskra.
[5]
observed that, for the same cement content, the increase in compaction stress leads to an increase in the compressive strength of BTC.
Figure 8. Flexural/tensile strength as a function of percentage of gum arabic and compaction pressure.
Generally speaking, an increase in compressive strength and flexural strength is observed with the addition of gum arabic, regardless of the counting pressure. This means that gum arabic has a strengthening effect on the materials studied. The greater the compaction pressure, the more the pores are reduced and the material becomes dense.
The thermal test parameters are also plotted as a function of compaction pressures and percentages of gum arabic, which range from 3 to 6 MPa and from 0 to 8% respectively. These thermal quantities are represented in the figures below:
Figure 9. Thermal conductivity as a function of percentage of gum arabic and compaction pressure.
Thermal conductivity decreases with the percentage of gum arabic which ranges from 0 to 4% of the admixture for all compaction pressures and increases from this threshold and stagnates at 8%. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that conductivity is a function of the nature of the material, the optimal water content and the porosity. The curve obtained by
[13]
Boffoue MO, Kouadio KC, Kouakou CH, et al., (2015). Influence of cement content on the thermomechanical properties of compressed and stabilized clay blocks. Africa Science: International Journal of Science and Technology 11: 35–43.
[13]
shows that thermal conductivity varies according to the cement content. Beyond 5%, an increase is observed with the percentage of cement.
Figure 10. Thermal effusivity as a function of percentage of gum arabic and compaction pressure.
Thermal effusivity hardly changes after 4% of the admixture despite the compaction pressures varying from 3 to 6 MPa. It is observed that from 6% of the gum arabic it is almost constant.
Figure 11. Thermal resistance as a function of percentage of gum arabic and compaction pressure.
Thermal resistance is important for the 92% clay and 8% gum arabic formulation and for low compaction pressures. The study conducted by
[13]
Boffoue MO, Kouadio KC, Kouakou CH, et al., (2015). Influence of cement content on the thermomechanical properties of compressed and stabilized clay blocks. Africa Science: International Journal of Science and Technology 11: 35–43.
[13]
shows that thermal resistance varies according to the cement content. Indeed, in small quantities, cement causes an increase in this. The curves obtained by
[14]
Tanguier JL, Ali A, Mahamat AD, et al., (2021). Experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of new compressed clay formulations stabilized with gum arabic, measurement and impact on summer comfort. Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews 7: 1–14.
[14]
show that a decrease in conductivity for percentages lower than 5% of stabilizer increases beyond this threshold.
The thermomechanical curves of clay reinforced by gum arabic and with the variation in compaction pressure are given by the figure below:
Figure 12. Thermomechanical resistances as a function of percentage of gum arabic and compaction pressure.
The graph shows that the addition of gum arabic improved the thermal and mechanical properties of the clay. However, the numerical simulation carried out by RETScreen software for the optimal formulation of 92% clay plus 8% gum arabic gave an energy gain of 29% compared to that of a building constructed of concrete blocks.
7. Conclusion
The thermomechanical characterization study on local construction materials is a major challenge for promoting the use of this ecological and economical material in the building sector. It has made it possible to discover the properties of compressed and stabilized raw earth in the field of sustainable construction.
The results obtained show that the thermomechanical characteristics of clay stabilized with gum arabic are improved. Compressive strength tripled with the addition of gum arabic and also with the compaction pressure. The role played by gum arabic in the mixture is not negligible and could replace in the future certain stabilizers that are harmful to the environment.
The numerical simulation carried out by the RETScreen software gave an energy gain of 29% for the optimal formulation, thus the study of the composite’s durability is part of our perspective on these local construction materials.
Nomenclature
Symbol
Title
Unit
a
Thickness
mm
ACB
Activity
-
b
Length
mm
E
Thermal effusivity
m2/s
l
Distance
mm
IP
Plasticity index
%
LL
Liquid limit
%
LP
Plastic limit
%
Rc
Compressive strength
MPa
Rf
Bending resistance
MPa
Rth
Thermal resistance
W/K
VBS
Methylene blue value
-
w
Water content
%
Φ
Thermal flow
W/m²
λ
Thermal conductivity
W/mK
ρ
Volumic mass
kg/m3
Abbreviations
BTC
Compressed Earth Brick
CBR
California Bearing Ratio
ENSTP
National School of Public Works
GA
Gum Arabic
INSTA
National Institute of Sciences and Technics of Abeche
LBTP
Public Works and Construction Laboratory
LREM
Energy and Materials Research Laboratory
SSHN
High-Level Scientific Stay
Acknowledgments
The authors sincerely thank the French Embassy in Chad for granting a High-Level Scientific Stay grant to Mr. ABDALLAH BAN-NAH Mahamat, and also to the heads of the LREM laboratory at INSTA and the LBTP laboratory at ENSTP.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
[1]
Toussakoe, K., E. Ouedraogo, K. B. Imbga, A. Messan and F. P. Kieno (2021). "Mechanical and thermo-physical characterization of adobe used in the Nubian vault." Afrique Science 19(5): 186-199.
[2]
Ouedraogo, K. A. J. (2019). Stabilization of sustainable and ecological construction materials based on raw earth using organic and/or mineral binders with low environmental impacts, Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III University.
[3]
Charai, M. (2021). Design and characterization of new bio-sourced eco-materials for sustainable building construction, Paris-Est University; Mohammed Premier University Oujda (Morocco).
[4]
Boeny V. & Rakotomalala J. (2015) Synthesis of the stabilization of Raw Earth Elements for the Construction of Buildings. 33rd Meetings of the AUGC, ISABTP/UPPA, 1-9.
[5]
Taallah, B. (2014). Study of the physico-mechanical behavior of compressed earth blocks with fibers. Mohamed Khider University, Biskra.
[6]
Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat, Abdallah Dadi Mahamat, Mahamat Barka, et al., (2023). Identification Study and Mechanical Characterization Clay Stabilized by Gum Arabic Seyal. International Journal and Advanced Research 11(5): 1-9.
[7]
DIATTA, M. T. (2016). Clay raw materials from Senegal: characteristics and applications to mass-produced ceramic products. University of Limoges; Assane Seck University (Ziguinchor, Senegal).
[8]
Jozja, N. (2003). Study of Albanian clay materials. Multi-scale characterization of a magnesium bentonite. University of Orléans.
[9]
Seybou, D. E., et al., (2016) Gum arabic: A source of income for vulnerable rural households. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 18(2): p. 358.
[10]
Bozabe RK, Toukourou CA, Gbaguidi GA. (2013). Study of the physico-mechanical characteristics of micro-concrete tiles manufactured locally from gum arabic. Africa Science: International Journal of Science and Technology 9: 1-15.
[11]
Miraucourt, D. (2017). Stabilization of raw earth material for application in compressed earth bricks in Burkina Faso.
[12]
NASSAR, S. (2024). Design and characterization of compressed earth blocks based on dredged sediments. Academic Journal of Civil Engineering, 42, 960-969.
[13]
Boffoue MO, Kouadio KC, Kouakou CH, et al., (2015). Influence of cement content on the thermomechanical properties of compressed and stabilized clay blocks. Africa Science: International Journal of Science and Technology 11: 35–43.
[14]
Tanguier JL, Ali A, Mahamat AD, et al., (2021). Experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of new compressed clay formulations stabilized with gum arabic, measurement and impact on summer comfort. Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews 7: 1–14.
Mahamat, A. B., Adam, B. S., Affadine, A. A., Mahamat, A. D., Barka, M., et al. (2025). Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 14(3), 72-78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
Mahamat, A. B.; Adam, B. S.; Affadine, A. A.; Mahamat, A. D.; Barka, M., et al. Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl.2025, 14(3), 72-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
Mahamat AB, Adam BS, Affadine AA, Mahamat AD, Barka M, et al. Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2025;14(3):72-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13,
author = {Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat and Batran Sidick Adam and Al-Hafiz Abdoulaye Affadine and Abdallah Dadi Mahamat and Mahamat Barka and Salif Gaye},
title = {Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications
},
journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {72-78},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20251403.13},
abstract = {This study focuses on determining the thermomechanical properties of clay extracted from the Kangartoulo brickyard site in Massakory, reinforced with seyal gum arabic for sustainable development construction applications. Raw earth has been used and is used in the construction field for its abundance and low environmental impact. The experimental results of thermal tests show that a decrease in thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity is observed for a gum arabic content below 4%, followed by a slight increase beyond this threshold and also by varying the compaction pressure from 3 to 6 MPa. Regarding mechanical properties, the simple compressive strength almost tripled with the addition of gum arabic from 0 to 8%, it increased from 3.2 to 9.4 MPa for compaction pressures ranging from 3 to 6 MPa. The three-point bending strength has also been improved, increasing from 0.78 to 2.10 MPa for the same binder contents. The numerical simulation carried out with the RETScreen software made it possible to estimate an energy gain of 29% for the optimal formulation retained compared to cementitious materials.
},
year = {2025}
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications
AU - Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat
AU - Batran Sidick Adam
AU - Al-Hafiz Abdoulaye Affadine
AU - Abdallah Dadi Mahamat
AU - Mahamat Barka
AU - Salif Gaye
Y1 - 2025/06/23
PY - 2025
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
DO - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
T2 - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP - 72
EP - 78
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2327-2643
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
AB - This study focuses on determining the thermomechanical properties of clay extracted from the Kangartoulo brickyard site in Massakory, reinforced with seyal gum arabic for sustainable development construction applications. Raw earth has been used and is used in the construction field for its abundance and low environmental impact. The experimental results of thermal tests show that a decrease in thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity is observed for a gum arabic content below 4%, followed by a slight increase beyond this threshold and also by varying the compaction pressure from 3 to 6 MPa. Regarding mechanical properties, the simple compressive strength almost tripled with the addition of gum arabic from 0 to 8%, it increased from 3.2 to 9.4 MPa for compaction pressures ranging from 3 to 6 MPa. The three-point bending strength has also been improved, increasing from 0.78 to 2.10 MPa for the same binder contents. The numerical simulation carried out with the RETScreen software made it possible to estimate an energy gain of 29% for the optimal formulation retained compared to cementitious materials.
VL - 14
IS - 3
ER -
Mahamat, A. B., Adam, B. S., Affadine, A. A., Mahamat, A. D., Barka, M., et al. (2025). Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 14(3), 72-78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
Mahamat, A. B.; Adam, B. S.; Affadine, A. A.; Mahamat, A. D.; Barka, M., et al. Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl.2025, 14(3), 72-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
Mahamat AB, Adam BS, Affadine AA, Mahamat AD, Barka M, et al. Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2025;14(3):72-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13,
author = {Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat and Batran Sidick Adam and Al-Hafiz Abdoulaye Affadine and Abdallah Dadi Mahamat and Mahamat Barka and Salif Gaye},
title = {Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications
},
journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {72-78},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20251403.13},
abstract = {This study focuses on determining the thermomechanical properties of clay extracted from the Kangartoulo brickyard site in Massakory, reinforced with seyal gum arabic for sustainable development construction applications. Raw earth has been used and is used in the construction field for its abundance and low environmental impact. The experimental results of thermal tests show that a decrease in thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity is observed for a gum arabic content below 4%, followed by a slight increase beyond this threshold and also by varying the compaction pressure from 3 to 6 MPa. Regarding mechanical properties, the simple compressive strength almost tripled with the addition of gum arabic from 0 to 8%, it increased from 3.2 to 9.4 MPa for compaction pressures ranging from 3 to 6 MPa. The three-point bending strength has also been improved, increasing from 0.78 to 2.10 MPa for the same binder contents. The numerical simulation carried out with the RETScreen software made it possible to estimate an energy gain of 29% for the optimal formulation retained compared to cementitious materials.
},
year = {2025}
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Thermomechanical Characterization of Massakory Clay Reinforced by Seyal Gum Arabic for Sustainable Building Applications
AU - Abdallah Ban-Nah Mahamat
AU - Batran Sidick Adam
AU - Al-Hafiz Abdoulaye Affadine
AU - Abdallah Dadi Mahamat
AU - Mahamat Barka
AU - Salif Gaye
Y1 - 2025/06/23
PY - 2025
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
DO - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
T2 - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP - 72
EP - 78
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2327-2643
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.13
AB - This study focuses on determining the thermomechanical properties of clay extracted from the Kangartoulo brickyard site in Massakory, reinforced with seyal gum arabic for sustainable development construction applications. Raw earth has been used and is used in the construction field for its abundance and low environmental impact. The experimental results of thermal tests show that a decrease in thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity is observed for a gum arabic content below 4%, followed by a slight increase beyond this threshold and also by varying the compaction pressure from 3 to 6 MPa. Regarding mechanical properties, the simple compressive strength almost tripled with the addition of gum arabic from 0 to 8%, it increased from 3.2 to 9.4 MPa for compaction pressures ranging from 3 to 6 MPa. The three-point bending strength has also been improved, increasing from 0.78 to 2.10 MPa for the same binder contents. The numerical simulation carried out with the RETScreen software made it possible to estimate an energy gain of 29% for the optimal formulation retained compared to cementitious materials.
VL - 14
IS - 3
ER -
,
Batran Sidick Adam
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