Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials

Saliou Seck; Alioune Sow; Mamadou Salif Mane; Modou Faye; El Hadji Mamadou Keita; Amadou Ndiaye; Bachirou Ndiaye; Babacar Mbow; Cheikh Sene

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14

Research Article |

Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials

Saliou Seck^*, Alioune Sow, Mamadou Salif Mane, Modou Faye, El Hadji Mamadou Keita, Amadou Ndiaye, Bachirou Ndiaye, Babacar Mbow, Cheikh Sene

Published in International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 14, Issue 3)

Received: 14 May 2025 Accepted: 28 May 2025 Published: 23 June 2025

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Abstract

In this work a modeling study of photovoltaic devices based on lead-free CH₃ NH₃ Sn_(1-y)Ge_y I₃ perovskite materials, is carried out with different window layers. The transport window layers materials used are ZnO, TiO₂ and SnO₂. They enable minority charge carriers to be transported to the active perovskite layer and collected there. The study also focuses on the influence of geometric parameters such as the diffusion length of minority charge carriers, the surface recombination velocity and the thickness of the window layers on the performance of the devices. The photovoltaic devices have first been modeled using the ZnO window layer in the multijunction ZnO(n⁺)/Cu₂O(n)/CH₃NH₃Sn_(1-y)Ge_yI₃(p) structure. The ZnO window layer was then successively substituted by the TiO₂and SnO₂ layers, leading thus to TiO₂ (n⁺)/Cu₂ O(n)/CH₃NH₃Sn_(1-y)Ge_yI₃(p) and SnO₂ (n⁺)/Cu₂ O(n)/ CH₃ NH₃ Sn_(1-y)Ge_y I₃ (p) photovoltaic structures, respectively. The CH₃ NH₃ Sn_(1-y)Ge_y I₃ perovskite absorber layers considered in these structures contain a germanium content varying from 0 to 1. Our study showed that the best performances are obtained for a germanium content of around 0.25, corresponding to 65.8%, 49.7% and 64.5%, for ZnO, SnO₂ and TiO₂ window layers, respectively.

Published in	International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 14, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14
Page(s)	79-88
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lead-Free Perovskite, Internal Quantum Efficiency, Solar Cell

References

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[2]	P. Cheng, T. Wu, J. Liu, W. Q. Deng, K. Han, Lead-free, two-dimensional mixed germanium and tin perovskites, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 9 (2018) 2518−2522.
[3]	S. Nagane, D. Ghosh, R. L. Z. Hoye, B. Zhao, S. Ahmad, A. B. Walker, M. S. Islam, S. Ogale, A. Sadhanala, Lead-free perovskite semiconductors based on germanium-tin solid solutions: Structural and optoelectronic properties, J. Phys. Chem. C, 122 (2018) 5940−5947.
[4]	L. Zhang, W. Liang, How the structures and properties of twodimensional layered perovskites MAPbI3 and CsPbI3 vary with the number of layers, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 8 (2017) 1517-1523.
[5]	M. Kar, R. Sarkar, S. Pal, P. Sarkar, Lead Free Two-Dimensional Mixed Tin and Germanium Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications, J. Phys. Chem., 125 (2021) 74−81.
[6]	S. Seck, A. Sow, M. S. Mané, A. Ndiaye, E. M. Keita, B. Ndiaye, B. Mbow, and C. Sène, Modeling and Analysis of a Mixed Sn-Ge Lead Free Perovskite Based Solar Cells, American Journal of Energy Research, 12 (1) (2024) 1-7.
[7]	Z. Shi, J. Guo, Y. Chen, Q. Li, Y. Pan, H. Zhang, Y. Xia, W. Huang, Lead-free organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites for photovoltaic applications: Recent advances and perspectives, Adv. Mater., 29 (2017) 1605005.

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Seck, S., Sow, A., Mane, M. S., Faye, M., Keita, E. H. M., et al. (2025). Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 14(3), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14

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ACS Style

Seck, S.; Sow, A.; Mane, M. S.; Faye, M.; Keita, E. H. M., et al. Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2025, 14(3), 79-88. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14

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AMA Style

Seck S, Sow A, Mane MS, Faye M, Keita EHM, et al. Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2025;14(3):79-88. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14,
  author = {Saliou Seck and Alioune Sow and Mamadou Salif Mane and Modou Faye and El Hadji Mamadou Keita and Amadou Ndiaye and Bachirou Ndiaye and Babacar Mbow and Cheikh Sene},
  title = {Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials
},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {79-88},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20251403.14},
  abstract = {In this work a modeling study of photovoltaic devices based on lead-free CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 perovskite materials, is carried out with different window layers. The transport window layers materials used are ZnO, TiO2 and SnO2. They enable minority charge carriers to be transported to the active perovskite layer and collected there. The study also focuses on the influence of geometric parameters such as the diffusion length of minority charge carriers, the surface recombination velocity and the thickness of the window layers on the performance of the devices. The photovoltaic devices have first been modeled using the ZnO window layer in the multijunction ZnO(n+)/Cu2O(n)/CH3NH3Sn(1-y)GeyI3(p) structure. The ZnO window layer was then successively substituted by the TiO2 and SnO2 layers, leading thus to TiO2 (n+)/Cu2 O(n)/CH3NH3Sn(1-y)GeyI3(p) and SnO2 (n+)/Cu2 O(n)/ CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 (p) photovoltaic structures, respectively. The CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 perovskite absorber layers considered in these structures contain a germanium content varying from 0 to 1. Our study showed that the best performances are obtained for a germanium content of around 0.25, corresponding to 65.8%, 49.7% and 64.5%, for ZnO, SnO2 and TiO2 window layers, respectively.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials

AU  - Saliou Seck
AU  - Alioune Sow
AU  - Mamadou Salif Mane
AU  - Modou Faye
AU  - El Hadji Mamadou Keita
AU  - Amadou Ndiaye
AU  - Bachirou Ndiaye
AU  - Babacar Mbow
AU  - Cheikh Sene
Y1  - 2025/06/23
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14
T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP  - 79
EP  - 88
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14
AB  - In this work a modeling study of photovoltaic devices based on lead-free CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 perovskite materials, is carried out with different window layers. The transport window layers materials used are ZnO, TiO2 and SnO2. They enable minority charge carriers to be transported to the active perovskite layer and collected there. The study also focuses on the influence of geometric parameters such as the diffusion length of minority charge carriers, the surface recombination velocity and the thickness of the window layers on the performance of the devices. The photovoltaic devices have first been modeled using the ZnO window layer in the multijunction ZnO(n+)/Cu2O(n)/CH3NH3Sn(1-y)GeyI3(p) structure. The ZnO window layer was then successively substituted by the TiO2 and SnO2 layers, leading thus to TiO2 (n+)/Cu2 O(n)/CH3NH3Sn(1-y)GeyI3(p) and SnO2 (n+)/Cu2 O(n)/ CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 (p) photovoltaic structures, respectively. The CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 perovskite absorber layers considered in these structures contain a germanium content varying from 0 to 1. Our study showed that the best performances are obtained for a germanium content of around 0.25, corresponding to 65.8%, 49.7% and 64.5%, for ZnO, SnO2 and TiO2 window layers, respectively.

VL  - 14
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Saliou Seck

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email
Alioune Sow

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Mamadou Salif Mane

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Modou Faye

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
El Hadji Mamadou Keita

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Amadou Ndiaye

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Bachirou Ndiaye

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Babacar Mbow

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Cheikh Sene

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Semiconductors and Solar Energy Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Seck, S., Sow, A., Mane, M. S., Faye, M., Keita, E. H. M., et al. (2025). Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 14(3), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14

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ACS Style

Seck, S.; Sow, A.; Mane, M. S.; Faye, M.; Keita, E. H. M., et al. Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2025, 14(3), 79-88. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14

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AMA Style

Seck S, Sow A, Mane MS, Faye M, Keita EHM, et al. Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2025;14(3):79-88. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14,
  author = {Saliou Seck and Alioune Sow and Mamadou Salif Mane and Modou Faye and El Hadji Mamadou Keita and Amadou Ndiaye and Bachirou Ndiaye and Babacar Mbow and Cheikh Sene},
  title = {Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials
},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {79-88},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20251403.14},
  abstract = {In this work a modeling study of photovoltaic devices based on lead-free CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 perovskite materials, is carried out with different window layers. The transport window layers materials used are ZnO, TiO2 and SnO2. They enable minority charge carriers to be transported to the active perovskite layer and collected there. The study also focuses on the influence of geometric parameters such as the diffusion length of minority charge carriers, the surface recombination velocity and the thickness of the window layers on the performance of the devices. The photovoltaic devices have first been modeled using the ZnO window layer in the multijunction ZnO(n+)/Cu2O(n)/CH3NH3Sn(1-y)GeyI3(p) structure. The ZnO window layer was then successively substituted by the TiO2 and SnO2 layers, leading thus to TiO2 (n+)/Cu2 O(n)/CH3NH3Sn(1-y)GeyI3(p) and SnO2 (n+)/Cu2 O(n)/ CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 (p) photovoltaic structures, respectively. The CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 perovskite absorber layers considered in these structures contain a germanium content varying from 0 to 1. Our study showed that the best performances are obtained for a germanium content of around 0.25, corresponding to 65.8%, 49.7% and 64.5%, for ZnO, SnO2 and TiO2 window layers, respectively.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Influence of Window Layers on the Spectral Evolution of the Total Current Flowing Through a Solar Cell Based on Lead-Free Perovskite Materials

AU  - Saliou Seck
AU  - Alioune Sow
AU  - Mamadou Salif Mane
AU  - Modou Faye
AU  - El Hadji Mamadou Keita
AU  - Amadou Ndiaye
AU  - Bachirou Ndiaye
AU  - Babacar Mbow
AU  - Cheikh Sene
Y1  - 2025/06/23
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14
T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP  - 79
EP  - 88
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20251403.14
AB  - In this work a modeling study of photovoltaic devices based on lead-free CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 perovskite materials, is carried out with different window layers. The transport window layers materials used are ZnO, TiO2 and SnO2. They enable minority charge carriers to be transported to the active perovskite layer and collected there. The study also focuses on the influence of geometric parameters such as the diffusion length of minority charge carriers, the surface recombination velocity and the thickness of the window layers on the performance of the devices. The photovoltaic devices have first been modeled using the ZnO window layer in the multijunction ZnO(n+)/Cu2O(n)/CH3NH3Sn(1-y)GeyI3(p) structure. The ZnO window layer was then successively substituted by the TiO2 and SnO2 layers, leading thus to TiO2 (n+)/Cu2 O(n)/CH3NH3Sn(1-y)GeyI3(p) and SnO2 (n+)/Cu2 O(n)/ CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 (p) photovoltaic structures, respectively. The CH3 NH3 Sn(1-y)Gey I3 perovskite absorber layers considered in these structures contain a germanium content varying from 0 to 1. Our study showed that the best performances are obtained for a germanium content of around 0.25, corresponding to 65.8%, 49.7% and 64.5%, for ZnO, SnO2 and TiO2 window layers, respectively.

VL  - 14
IS  - 3
ER  -

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