Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria

Alao Femi; Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju; Olanrewaju Olawale

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria

Alao Femi, Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju, Olanrewaju Olawale

Published in Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 5)

Received: 28 March 2021 Accepted: 10 May 2021 Published: 30 October 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The release of greywater lacking any treatments into drainage channels, land surfaces and normal water bodies will lead to environmental deprivation and health risks. In this study, common reed combined with natural materials of sand and gravel was used in a system of constructed wetland for the treatment of greywater in Akure, Nigeria. Raw greywater (RGW) was collected from Jadesola Hostel, Federal University of Technology, Akure, and pretreated using a combination of gravel with fine sand, arranged accordingly. The filtered water was subsequently released to a plastic constructed wetland (CW) consisting of similar combination of layers of gravel and sand with common reed planted on it to achieve complete treatment. The RGW, filtered greywater (FGW) and treated greywater (TGW) were analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and fecal coliforms (FC). Results showed reductions in BOD, COD, TSS, TN and FC by 80.20%, 78.35%, 56.07%, 45.93% and 74.71%, respectively, for FGW and by 90.92%, 91.46%, 93.46%, 53.66% and 82.10%, respectively, for TGW. Therefore, it was concluded that the combination of common reed, sand and gravels in constructed wetland offers an effective means of accomplishing physical and biological treatment of greywater, especially for reuse in irrigation. Hence, it was recommended that acceptance of the combined system will help farmers in ensuring sufficient treatment of greywater and satisfies the standard requirements for wastewater reuse and application in both field crop irrigation and other outdoor needs.

Published in	Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13
Page(s)	144-148
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Common Reed, Constructed Wetland, Fecal Coliforms, Gravel, Greywater, Sand

References

[1]	Ailstock, S. M. (2000). Adaptive strategies of Common Reed (Phragmites australis). In: The Role of Phragmites in the Mid-Atlantic Region, Princess Anne, MD, April 17, Environmental Center, Anne Arundel College, Arnold, MD.
[2]	Albuquerque, A., Oliveira, J., Semitela, S., Amaral, L. (2009). Influence of Bed media Characteristics on Ammonia and Nitrate Removal in Shallow Horizontal Subsurface flow Constructed wetlands. Bioresour. Technol. 100: 6269–6277.
[3]	Allirand, J.-M. & Gosse, G. (1995). An Aboveground Biomass Production Model for a Common reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) stand. Biomass and Bioenergy, 9 (6): 441–448.
[4]	Babatunde, A. O., Zhao, Y. Q., Zhao, X. H. (2010). Alum sludge-based Constructed Wetland system for Enhanced Removal of P and OM from Wastewater: Concept, Design and Performance Analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 6576–6579.
[5]	Boyjoo, Y., Pareek, V. K., & Ang, M. (2013). A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes. Water Science and Technology, 67 (7), 1403-1424.
[6]	Boutilier, L., Jamieson, R., Gordon, R., Lake, C. and Hart, W. (2010). Performance of Surface Flow Domestic Wastewater Treatment Wetlands. Wetlands 30: 795–804.
[7]	Brix, H. (1997). Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands? Water Sci. Choate, J. K., Edwards, F. R., Hirst, G. D. and O'shea, J. E. (1993). Effects of Sympathetic nerve stimulation on the Sino-atrial node of the Guinea-pig. The Journal of physiology, 471 (1), 707-727.
[8]	Chong, H. L., Chia, P. S., Ahmad, M. N. (2013). The Adsorption of Heavy metal by Bornean Oil palm Shell and its Potential application as Constructed Wetland media. Bioresour. Technol. 130: 181–186.
[9]	Deguenon, H. E. J., M. P. Hounkpe, J. A. Aina and D. C. K. Sohounhlore (2013). Purification Performances of Common Reed beds Based on the Residence time: Case study of Benin. Journal of Applied Biosciences 71: 5682–5691.
[10]	Eriksson, E.; Auffarth, K.; Henze, M.; Ledin, A. Characteristics of grey wastewater. Urban Water 2002, 4 (1), 85–104.
[11]	Friedler, E. Quality of individual domestic greywater streams and its implication for on-site treatment and reuse possibilities. Environ. Technol. 2004, 25 (9), 997–1008.
[12]	García, J., Aguirre, P., Mujeriego, R., Huang, Y., Ortiz, L., Bayona, J. M. (2004). Initial Contaminant Removal Performance Factors in Horizontal flow Reed beds used for Treating Urban Wastewater. Water Res. 38: 1669–1678.
[13]	Ghaitidak, D. M. and Yadav, K. D. (2013). Characteristics and treatment of greywater—a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20 (5), 2795-2809.
[14]	Gross A (2008) Reliability of small scale greywater treatment systems and the impact of its effluent on soil properties. Int J Environ Stud 65 (1): 41–50.
[15]	Haslam, S. M. (2010). A Book of Reed: (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel, Formerly Kadlec, R. H. and Wallace, S. (2008). Treatment wetlands. CRC press.
[16]	Karathanasis, A, Potter, C. and Coyne, M. (2003). Vegetation Effects on Fecal bacteria, BOD, and Suspended Solid Removal in Constructed Wetlands treating Domestic Wastewater. Ecol Eng 20: 157–169.
[17]	Kaseva, M. (2004). Performance of Subsurface flow Constructed Wetland in polishing Pre-treated water: A tropical case study. J. Water Research. 38: 681-687.
[18]	Kurniadie, D., Wijaya, D., Widayat, D., Umiyati, U. and Iskandar. (2018). Constructed Wetland to Treat Tapioca Starch Wastewater in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 15 (3): 10-113.
[19]	Lee, C., T. D. Fletcher and G. Sun (2009). Nitrogen Removal in Constructed Wetland systems. Engineering in Life Sciences. 9 (1): 11–22.
[20]	Li, C. J., Wan, M. H., Dong, Y., Men, Z. Y., Lin, Y., Wu de, Y. and Kong, H. N. (2011). Treating Surface water with Low nutrients Concentration by Mixed Substrates Constructed Wetlands. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 46: 771–776.
[21]	Manh, N. C., Minh, P. V., Hung, N. T. Q., Son, P. T. and Ky, N. M. (2019). A study to assess the effectiveness of constructed wetland technology for polluted surface water treatment. VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences 35 (2): 11-22.
[22]	Marzec, M., K. Jozwiakowski, A. Debska, G. Gizinska-Goma, A. Pytka-Woszczylo, A. Kowalazyk-Jusko and A. Listosz (2018). The Efficiency and Reliability of Pollutant Removal in a Hybrid Constructed Wetland with Common reed, Manna grass and Virginia mallow. Water Journal 10: 1–18.
[23]	Mlih, R., Bydalek, F., Klumpp, E., Yaghi, N., Bol, R. and Wenk, J. (2020). Light-expanded clay aggregate (LECA) as a substrate in constructed wetlands - A review. Ecological Engineering 148, 105783.
[24]	Oteng-Peprah, M., Acheampong, M. A., & DeVries, N. K. (2018). Greywater characteristics, treatment systems, reuse strategies and user perception—a review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 229 (8), 1-16.
[25]	Pinto, U., Maheshwari, B. L. and Grewal, H. S. (2010). Effects of greywater irrigation on plant growth, water use and soil properties. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54 (7), 429-435.
[26]	Prochaska, C. A. and Zouboulis, A. I. (2006). Removal of Phosphates by Pilot Vertical-flow Constructed Wetlands using a Mixture of Sand and Dolomite as Substrate. Ecol. Eng. 26: 293–303.
[27]	Ridderstolpe, P. (2004). Introduction to Greywater Management. Stochholm Environment Institute, Sweden, Report 2004-4.
[28]	Saeed, T., Sun, G. (2012). A Review on Nitrogen and Organics Removal Mechanisms in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands: Dependency on Environmental parameters, operating conditions and supporting media. J. Environ. Manage. 112: 429–448.
[29]	Sarafraz, S., Mohammad, T. A., Norr, M. J. and Laight, A. (2009). Wastewater Treatment using Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 5 (1): 99–105.
[30]	Stefanakis, A. I. and V. A. Tsihrintzis (2012). Effect of Loading, Resting period, Temperature, Porous media, Vegetation and Aeration on Perfomance of Vertical flow Constructed Wetlands. Chem. Eng. J. 181-182: 416–430.
[31]	Vymazal, J. (2010). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Water, 2 (3), 530-549.
[32]	Vymazal, J. (2016). Concentration is not enough to Evaluate Accumulation of Heavy metals and Nutrients in Plants. Sci Total Environ 544: 495–498.
[33]	Wang, R., Korboulewsky, N., Prudent, P., Domeizel, M., Rolando, C. and Bonin, G. (2010).
[34]	Feasibility of Using an Organic Substrate in a Wetland System Treating Sewage Sludge: Impact of Plant Species. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 51–57.
[35]	World Health Organization (2006) WHO Guidelines for the safe use ofwa stewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 4, excreta and greywater use in agriculture. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuweg4/en/index.html. Accessed 28 September 2012.
[36]	Yan, Y., Xu, J. (2014). Improving Winter Performance of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Northern China: A review. Wetlands 34: 243–253.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Alao Femi, Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju, Olanrewaju Olawale. (2021). Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria. Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 6(5), 144-148. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Alao Femi; Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju; Olanrewaju Olawale. Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria. J. Civ. Constr. Environ. Eng. 2021, 6(5), 144-148. doi: 10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Alao Femi, Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju, Olanrewaju Olawale. Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria. J Civ Constr Environ Eng. 2021;6(5):144-148. doi: 10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13,
  author = {Alao Femi and Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju and Olanrewaju Olawale},
  title = {Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {144-148},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jccee.20210605.13},
  abstract = {The release of greywater lacking any treatments into drainage channels, land surfaces and normal water bodies will lead to environmental deprivation and health risks. In this study, common reed combined with natural materials of sand and gravel was used in a system of constructed wetland for the treatment of greywater in Akure, Nigeria. Raw greywater (RGW) was collected from Jadesola Hostel, Federal University of Technology, Akure, and pretreated using a combination of gravel with fine sand, arranged accordingly. The filtered water was subsequently released to a plastic constructed wetland (CW) consisting of similar combination of layers of gravel and sand with common reed planted on it to achieve complete treatment. The RGW, filtered greywater (FGW) and treated greywater (TGW) were analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and fecal coliforms (FC). Results showed reductions in BOD, COD, TSS, TN and FC by 80.20%, 78.35%, 56.07%, 45.93% and 74.71%, respectively, for FGW and by 90.92%, 91.46%, 93.46%, 53.66% and 82.10%, respectively, for TGW. Therefore, it was concluded that the combination of common reed, sand and gravels in constructed wetland offers an effective means of accomplishing physical and biological treatment of greywater, especially for reuse in irrigation. Hence, it was recommended that acceptance of the combined system will help farmers in ensuring sufficient treatment of greywater and satisfies the standard requirements for wastewater reuse and application in both field crop irrigation and other outdoor needs.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria
AU  - Alao Femi
AU  - Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju
AU  - Olanrewaju Olawale
Y1  - 2021/10/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13
T2  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
JF  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
JO  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
SP  - 144
EP  - 148
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3890
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13
AB  - The release of greywater lacking any treatments into drainage channels, land surfaces and normal water bodies will lead to environmental deprivation and health risks. In this study, common reed combined with natural materials of sand and gravel was used in a system of constructed wetland for the treatment of greywater in Akure, Nigeria. Raw greywater (RGW) was collected from Jadesola Hostel, Federal University of Technology, Akure, and pretreated using a combination of gravel with fine sand, arranged accordingly. The filtered water was subsequently released to a plastic constructed wetland (CW) consisting of similar combination of layers of gravel and sand with common reed planted on it to achieve complete treatment. The RGW, filtered greywater (FGW) and treated greywater (TGW) were analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and fecal coliforms (FC). Results showed reductions in BOD, COD, TSS, TN and FC by 80.20%, 78.35%, 56.07%, 45.93% and 74.71%, respectively, for FGW and by 90.92%, 91.46%, 93.46%, 53.66% and 82.10%, respectively, for TGW. Therefore, it was concluded that the combination of common reed, sand and gravels in constructed wetland offers an effective means of accomplishing physical and biological treatment of greywater, especially for reuse in irrigation. Hence, it was recommended that acceptance of the combined system will help farmers in ensuring sufficient treatment of greywater and satisfies the standard requirements for wastewater reuse and application in both field crop irrigation and other outdoor needs.
VL  - 6
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Alao Femi

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Olanrewaju Olawale

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Alao Femi, Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju, Olanrewaju Olawale. (2021). Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria. Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 6(5), 144-148. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Alao Femi; Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju; Olanrewaju Olawale. Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria. J. Civ. Constr. Environ. Eng. 2021, 6(5), 144-148. doi: 10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Alao Femi, Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju, Olanrewaju Olawale. Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria. J Civ Constr Environ Eng. 2021;6(5):144-148. doi: 10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13,
  author = {Alao Femi and Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju and Olanrewaju Olawale},
  title = {Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {144-148},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jccee.20210605.13},
  abstract = {The release of greywater lacking any treatments into drainage channels, land surfaces and normal water bodies will lead to environmental deprivation and health risks. In this study, common reed combined with natural materials of sand and gravel was used in a system of constructed wetland for the treatment of greywater in Akure, Nigeria. Raw greywater (RGW) was collected from Jadesola Hostel, Federal University of Technology, Akure, and pretreated using a combination of gravel with fine sand, arranged accordingly. The filtered water was subsequently released to a plastic constructed wetland (CW) consisting of similar combination of layers of gravel and sand with common reed planted on it to achieve complete treatment. The RGW, filtered greywater (FGW) and treated greywater (TGW) were analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and fecal coliforms (FC). Results showed reductions in BOD, COD, TSS, TN and FC by 80.20%, 78.35%, 56.07%, 45.93% and 74.71%, respectively, for FGW and by 90.92%, 91.46%, 93.46%, 53.66% and 82.10%, respectively, for TGW. Therefore, it was concluded that the combination of common reed, sand and gravels in constructed wetland offers an effective means of accomplishing physical and biological treatment of greywater, especially for reuse in irrigation. Hence, it was recommended that acceptance of the combined system will help farmers in ensuring sufficient treatment of greywater and satisfies the standard requirements for wastewater reuse and application in both field crop irrigation and other outdoor needs.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Performance Efficiency of Common Reed, Sand and Gravel for Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland in Akure, Nigeria
AU  - Alao Femi
AU  - Alatise Micheal Olanrewaju
AU  - Olanrewaju Olawale
Y1  - 2021/10/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13
T2  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
JF  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
JO  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
SP  - 144
EP  - 148
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3890
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210605.13
AB  - The release of greywater lacking any treatments into drainage channels, land surfaces and normal water bodies will lead to environmental deprivation and health risks. In this study, common reed combined with natural materials of sand and gravel was used in a system of constructed wetland for the treatment of greywater in Akure, Nigeria. Raw greywater (RGW) was collected from Jadesola Hostel, Federal University of Technology, Akure, and pretreated using a combination of gravel with fine sand, arranged accordingly. The filtered water was subsequently released to a plastic constructed wetland (CW) consisting of similar combination of layers of gravel and sand with common reed planted on it to achieve complete treatment. The RGW, filtered greywater (FGW) and treated greywater (TGW) were analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and fecal coliforms (FC). Results showed reductions in BOD, COD, TSS, TN and FC by 80.20%, 78.35%, 56.07%, 45.93% and 74.71%, respectively, for FGW and by 90.92%, 91.46%, 93.46%, 53.66% and 82.10%, respectively, for TGW. Therefore, it was concluded that the combination of common reed, sand and gravels in constructed wetland offers an effective means of accomplishing physical and biological treatment of greywater, especially for reuse in irrigation. Hence, it was recommended that acceptance of the combined system will help farmers in ensuring sufficient treatment of greywater and satisfies the standard requirements for wastewater reuse and application in both field crop irrigation and other outdoor needs.
VL  - 6
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download