2. Related Work
P. Thakur and S. Chandna proposed a method called
[1] | P. Thakur and S. Chandna, “Misohungry: a platform that encourages easy access to recipe search, management, and traditional recipes,” in International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 2022, pp. 249–264. |
[1]
MISO hungry to address the finding recipe problem. For the past 1.8 million years, cooking has been vital to the development of culture and civilization. But because of the coronavirus epidemic, individuals have been motivated to improve their health and well- being because of the lockdown in several nations, including Germany. While doing this, looking for recipes turns out to become a common and necessary pastime since it enables people to cook food from all over the world. But with thousands of recipes accessible for a single dish, seeking recipes online is like searching in the wild. A person’s life depends on traditional recipes. However, many recipes have been forgotten for a long time by young people who work or are away from home as students and have little time to cook. As a result, MISOhungry uses this platform to provide solutions to both user groups. The recipes are created by extracting information from food blogs on the internet, together with the nutritional values of the components. Children can also get traditional recipes from senior citizens on the same website. Research indicates that older people’s generative activity is stimulated, and their happiness is sustained when they share recipes associated with memories. According to the survey, young people are interested in obtaining traditional recipes and would like to utilize this platform, which immediately bridges the generation divide in terms of recipe sharing, search, and management. The platform is also accessible to both user groups. MISO hungry facilitates cooking for both user groups, hence advancing the notion that” Happiness is Homemade.”
A. Kumar, B. Kotak, U. Pachaury, P. Patel, and P. Shah reviewed in
[2] | A. Kumar, B. Kotak, U. Pachaury, P. Patel, and P. Shah, “Social commerce platform for food enthusiasts with integrated recipe recommendation using machine learning,” in Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS 2021) ICT: Applications and Social Interfaces. Springer, 2022, pp. 515–523. |
[2]
and in the modern world, people are always competing with one another to improve their standard of living by working as hard as they can to increase their income. But it is common to see him sacrificing his health in the hustle for money, and eating on the go has become popular and has supplanted the iconic cook by your own tradition. Cooking at home on our own guarantees the highest quality food, which in turn guarantees good health. In contrast, the fast-food culture has led to an increase in the consumption of fast food, which negatively impacts an individual’s health and consequently lowers their productivity at work. Our goal in drafting this paper is to provide a social commerce platform that will assist individuals worldwide in solving the challenge.
Chatbot for food preferences modeling and recipe recommendation is another method that was proposed in
[3] | A´. M. F. M. Samagaio, “Chatbot for food preferences modeling and recipe recommendation,” 2020. |
[3]
of article A´. M. F. M. This article outlines the key procedures and difficulties involved in developing a chatbot for an aging population-focused nutritional recommendation system. Natural Language Understanding (NLU), Dialogue Management, Preference Modeling, and Ingredient Matching and Extraction are the four main components we found. We have tested transformer-based models in the creation of the NLU and Dialogue Management components to solve the unique issues of a chatbot for this domain. Additionally, we investigated the modeling of user preferences using word embeddings and nutritional knowledge bases in conjunction with sentiment analysis. When used to simulate food preferences, sentiment analysis algorithms accurately captured users’ true emotions. These elements were all assessed separately using the proper metrics. Also, consumers successfully tested the built chatbot, and their feedback was gathered through usability and user experience surveys. Usability test results demonstrate how well-integrated the components were. For both the System Usability and the User Experience Questionnaires, the scores attained exceeded the benchmark levels.
Z. Y. Shahraki in reference
[4] | Z. Y. Shahraki, “Modeling and analysis of wireless networks with interference management,” Ph. D. dissertation, 2017. |
[4]
presents a proposed method called Modeling and analysis of wireless networks with interference management. Wireless technologies are integrated into next-generation wire- less networks to meet huge data loads and seamless communication. Since interference has always been the primary barrier to wireless communication, precisely describing the interference field is crucial to the development and implementation of wireless networks. An increasingly vital technique for the study of wireless networks is stochastic geometry. Stochastic geometry, which was first widely used to model wireless and ad hoc sensor networks, has more recently been used to analyze cellular and heterogeneous cellular networks. Using methods from stochastic geometry, we build in this dissertation tractable analytical frameworks for the modeling and analysis of interference management strategies in wireless networks.
M. Kamber and D. Shah on reference
[5] | M. Kamber and D. Shah, “The use of conversational natural language processing chatbots for simulated intelligence in home cooking while integrating with meta messenger.” |
[5]
presents Computer-based intelligence, or conversational human-caused awareness, has gained a lot of popularity recently since it allows people to collaborate with PCs in ways that are like those of humans. Many industries, including healthcare, finance, and retail, have implemented conversational simulated intelligence into their websites to reduce labor-intensive tasks and enable voice communication with end users. It gives customers the ability to quickly resolve urgent problems and obtain expert cooperation to free up time for more difficult problems. This work introduces the Natural Language Processing Chatbots Cooking Assistance, a conversational expert that provides corresponding recipes based on the information provided by users. By providing relevant recipes, Natural Language Processing Chatbots Cooking Assistance is expected to help users get rid of leftover ingredients in the refrigerator. Natural Language Processing Chatbots Cooking Assistance lets users type in the name of a dish, region, cuisine, and individual ingredients. It then generates a recipe list based on the arrangement and addition of the user-provided requirements. The chatbot is put together using the Spiracular Programming interface to find recipes that correspond to the search query and the Google Dialog Flow stage to understand the client's expectations. This study discusses the engineering, utility, and shortcomings of Natural Language Processing Chatbots for Cooking Assistance.
F. Alloatti, A. Bosca, L. Di Caro, and F. Pieraccini in reference
[6] | F. Alloatti, A. Bosca, L. Di Caro, and F. Pieraccini, “Discover artificial intelligence,” Discover, vol. 1, p. 4, 2021. |
[6]
Therapeutic Education (TE) is a crucial component in the care of individuals with diabetes. The goal of patient education (TE) is to enable patients to take charge of their own care plans. Thanks to the deployment of innovative information technology systems like conversational agents (CAs), there are now alternate modes of delivering instructional content in addition to the conventional ones. In this regard, we introduce the AIDA project, which consists of two distinct CAs together to act as a TE tool for individuals with diabetes. Two components make up the Artificial Intelligence Diabetes Assistant (AIDA): a speech-based dialog system and a chatbot. A scientific board has produced and approved their content. The voice-based AIDA Cookbot offers recipes that fit a diabetic patient's diet, while the text-based AIDA Chatbot offers a wide range of information regarding diabetes. We give a detailed account of the technology used, the process of developing both agents, and how the public uses them. The first conversational agents designed to serve diabetic patients, clinicians, and caregivers in Italian are the freely downloadable AIDA Chatbot and AIDA Cook-bot.
A. A. A. Weißensteiner in reference
[7] | A. A. A. Weißensteiner, “Chatbots as an approach for a faster enquiry handling process in the service industry,” Signature, vol. 12, no. 04, 2018. |
[7]
presents that the swift progress of technology and innovation in Industry 4.0/5.0 has led to the mainstreaming of digitalization, which is revolutionizing several industries, enterprises, and services. In this sense, a growing number of businesses are using AI-enabled chatbots rather than human customer support representatives. One the one hand, using chatbots with AI capabilities can help cut down on customer wait times, increase productivity, and save expenses. However, it could also negatively impact consumers' experiences for reasons, such as lack of familiarity with the IT system or chatbots' inability to appropriately respond to customized requests. There is currently a dearth of quantitative research that could assist businesses in implementing this innovative technology in their customer service, even though numerous qualitative analyses have been conducted to examine the advantages and difficulties of employing AI-enabled chatbots for businesses as well as to uncover the opinions and experiences of customers. To close this gap, we create a discrete event simulation model in this paper that measures the efficacy of AI-enabled chatbots using the AnyLogic simulation software package. Through scenario analyses, we provide managerial implications regarding average time in system, response rate, satisfaction level, and cost savings. Consequently, this approach can assist businesses in comprehending the effects of implementing AI-enabled chatbots in their customer support.
In reference
[8] | J. Grudin and R. Jacques, “Chatbots, humbots, and the quest for artificial general intelligence,” in Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 2019, pp. 1–11. |
[8]
J. Grudin and R. Jacques mentioned that the search for artificial general intelligence gave rise to several initiatives, such as the creation of task-oriented chatbots that provide additional information or services in particular domains and intelligent assistants created by tech businesses. With the emergence of low-latency networking, progress sped up and then sharply picked up speed a few years ago. Task-focused chatbots, which promise more engaging interfaces than robotic answering systems and can meet our increasingly phone-based information needs, emerged as a prominent feature of machine intelligence in 2016. Countless numbers were constructed. It turned out to be more difficult than expected to create successful, non-trivial chatbots. These days, some developers create systems for human-chatbot (humbot) teams, in which humans answer complex questions. This paper describes conversational agent space, difficulties in meeting user expectations, potential contemporary design approaches, uses of human-bot hybrids, and implications for the goal of creating software with general intelligence.
D. D. Cutinha, N. N. Chiplunkar, S. Maved, and A. Bhat in reference
[9] | D. D. Cutinha, N. N. Chiplunkar, S. Maved, and A. Bhat, “Artificial intelligence-based chatbot framework with authentication, authorization, and payment features,” in International Conference on Artificial Intelli- gence and Data Engineering. Springer, 2019, pp. 179–187. |
[9]
presents that a chatbot is a computer software that mimics a human interaction through a chat platform like WeChat, Slack, Facebook Messenger, and others. This allows businesses to provide engaging experiences that boost customer engagement. We develop a subscription-based chatbot development platform with authentication, authorization, and other key modules, all based on artificial intelligence. When it comes to interactions, it offers more intelligence than the current flow-based chatbot builders. According to their business requirements, brands can create their own custom chatbots on the platform and install them on any messenger app, including Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, WeChat, and others.
J. Cahn is
[10] | J. Cahn, “Chatbot: Architecture, design, & development,” University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science Department of Computer and Information Science, 2017. |
[10]
described that a chatbot is a conversational agent that translates text into voice or text messages using Natural Language Processing (NLP). This allows users to converse via text or voice instead of directly interacting with a live person. A rapidly expanding trend in artificial intelligence is chatbots, which are programs that converse conversationally with users and mimic human speech. Numerous sectors are striving to integrate artificial intelligence-driven solutions, such as chatbots, into their customer service operations to enhance customer satisfaction by providing expedited and cost-effective assistance. This paper is a survey of published chatbots to identify knowledge gaps and areas that need further research and study. It begins with history and how it has evolved over time, then moves on to chatbot architectures to understand how they function and identify applications for them across many domains. Finally, it discusses limitations that shorten the chatbot's lifespan and how future work can improve the chatbot for optimal performance.
T. Lalwani and S. Bhalotia in reference
[11] | T. Lalwani, S. Bhalotia, A. Pal, V. Rathod, and S. Bisen, “Implementation of a chatbot system using ai and nlp,” International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST) Volume-6, Issue-3, 2018. |
[11]
presents that User interfaces for software programs include form-based, menu-driven, graphical user interface (GUI), command line, and natural language, among others. Although web-based and GUI user interfaces are common, there are times when a different kind of user interface is required. This is where a conversational user interface based on chatbots fits in. One type of bot that has been present on chat systems is the chatbot. They can be interacted with by the user using graphical user interfaces or widgets, and this is the direction of trend. They often offer a stateful service, meaning that each session's data is saved by the application. It is common to be unsure about where to go for information on a college's website. Information gets harder to obtain for someone who is not a worker or student there. A quick, standardized, and educational widget called a "college inquiry chat bot" was created to improve user experience on college websites and give them useful information. Natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are being used to create chat bots, an intelligent system. It responds to questions about academics, examination cells, placement cells, users' attendance and grade point averages, and other random activities. It also boasts an efficient user interface.
J. Bozic, O. A. Tazl, and F. Wotawa in reference
[12] | J. Bozic, O. A. Tazl, and F. Wotawa, “Chatbot testing using AI planning,” in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Testing (AITest). IEEE, 2019, pp. 37–44. |
[12]
described that Chatbots—that is, programs that can converse with people more comfortably and naturally using natural language—have grown in significance. This is because computational tools are now available for natural language interactions between computers and people that are starting to resemble interactions between people alone. As such, an increasing number of chatbots designed to assist humans with work organization and decision making are on the market. In this study, we mainly address the problem of confirming chatbots' communication capabilities. Specifically, we present an automated method for creating and executing communication sequences. The strategy is predicated on AI planning, wherein every action can be taken to be a question posed to the chatbot.
In reference
[13] | A. Mendes Samagaio, H. Lopes Cardoso, and D. Ribeiro, “A chatbot for recipe recommendation and preference modeling,” in Progress in Artificial Intelligence: 20th EPIA Conference on Artificial Intelligence, EPIA 2021, Virtual Event, September 7–9, 2021, Proceedings 20. Springer, 2021, pp. 389–402. |
[13]
A. Mendes Samagaio, H. Lopes Cardoso, and D. Ribeiro outlined the key procedures and difficulties involved in developing a chatbot for an aging population-focused nutritional recommendation system. Natural Language Understanding (NLU), Dialogue Management, Preference Modeling, and Ingredient Matching and Extraction are the four main components we found. We have tested transformer-based models in the creation of the NLU and Dialogue Management components to solve the unique issues of a chatbot for this domain. Additionally, we investigated the modeling of user preferences using word embeddings and nutritional knowledge bases in conjunction with sentiment analysis. When used to simulate food preferences, sentiment analysis algorithms accurately captured users' true emotions. These elements were all assessed separately using the proper metrics. Also, consumers successfully tested the built chatbot, and their feedback was gathered through usability and user experience surveys. Usability test results demonstrate how well-integrated the components were. For both the System Usability and the User Experience Questionnaires, the scores attained exceeded the benchmark levels.
In reference
[14] | Y.-J. Ahn, H.-Y. Cho, and S.-J. Kang, “Customized recipe recommendation system implemented in the form of a chatbot,” Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 543–550, 2020. |
[14]
Y.-J. Ahn, H.-Y. Cho, and S.-J. Kang presented stretchable and translucent electronics have been developed over the last ten years due to developments in materials science and the need for next-generation electronics. Stretchable and transparent form factors have given rise to novel applications like wearable sensors and smart contact lenses, which call for a broader and deeper investigation of materials and manufacturing techniques. To this end, a great deal of research has gone into creating materials and systems that are both optically transparent and mechanically stretchy. This article discusses recent developments in stretchable and transparent electronics, with a focus on the creation of substrates and electrodes made of stretchable and transparent materials.
D. Chowdhury, A. Roy, S. R. Ramamurthy, and N. Roy mentioned in reference
[15] | D. Chowdhury, A. Roy, S. R. Ramamurthy, and N. Roy, “Charlie: A chatbot that recommends daily fitness and diet plans,” in 2023 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and other Affiliated Events (PerCom Workshops). IEEE, 2023, pp. 116–121. |
[15]
that maintaining a healthy diet and workout routine has become more difficult with the recent trend of working from home, making it even harder to manage a work-life balance. It has been demonstrated that skipping workout and nutrition regimens can have long-term negative impacts on one's health, such as obesity and shorter life spans. People currently plan their diets and exercise regimens around their schedules, which makes these chores difficult to stick to. Lack of time and planning causes users to abandon their ideas frequently. We offer CHARLIE, a chatbot that adapts to a user's schedule and uses their calendar to intelligently recommend diets and fitness goals to help with better planning for a fitness and diet regimen. Based on how much time users have remaining throughout the day and how many calories they burn; the CHARLIE recommendation system offers meals and exercise routines to users.
V. Pallagani, P. Ramamurthy, V. Khandelwal, R. Venkataramanan, K. Lakkaraju, S. N. Aakur, and B. Srivastava described in reference
[16] | V. Pallagani, P. Ramamurthy, V. Khandelwal, R. Venkataramanan, K. Lakkaraju, S. N. Aakur, and B. Srivastava, “A rich recipe representation as plan to support expressive multi modal queries on recipe content and preparation process,” arXiv preprint arXiv: 2203.17109, 2022. |
[16]
that a basic human need, food plays a significant role in a society's health and financial stability. Because of this, the culinary industry is a well-liked use-case for highlighting decision-support (AI) capabilities in support of advantages like precision health, using instruments ranging from task-oriented chatbots to information retrieval interfaces. Here, an AI should be able to manage allergy-based substitutes, comprehend concepts in the food domain (such as recipes and ingredients), be resilient to cooking-related setbacks (such as butter browning), and deal with a variety of data modalities (such as text and photos). But since today's recipes are treated like text documents, it is challenging for machines to comprehend, reason, and deal with ambiguity. Due to ambiguity and sparseness in the current textual materials, a more accurate depiction of the recipes is required. In this work, we address the creation of a machine-understandable rich recipe representation (R3) using natural language recipes in the form of plans.
5. Implementation
Hunger's Heaven must be carefully planned and carried out over the course of numerous phases for it to be implemented successfully. We use ReactJS for frontend and NodeJS for backend and MongoDB for database to build the application and Python programming is used to implement AI. The hardware requirements for the system is a computer with intel core I7 processor, 128GB SSD and 16GB RAM. The implementation phases are as below:
5.1. Design Phase
The design phase is essential in establishing Hunger’s Heaven’s fundamental architecture and making sure the pro- gram successfully satisfies both user and technological objectives.
5.1.1. Requirement Analysis
To determine the features and functionalities that stakeholders, including future users, would like to see in the application, the first phase entails gathering and analyzing their needs.
5.1.2. System Architecture
The back end, front-end, and database must be smoothly connected and able to support the demands of the program. This can be achieved by creating a salable and reliable system design. Choosing between a monolithic method and a microservices architecture depends on the complexity and scalability needs.
5.1.3. UI/UX Design
The design of user interfaces (UI) and user experiences (UX) depends on responsiveness, simplicity, and intuitiveness. Before development starts, stakeholders can see and comment on the application’s design thanks to pre- liminary designs and prototypes made with programs Figma.
5.1.4. Technology Stack Selection
The program's needs, as well as its scalability and maintainability, determine which technology stack is best. This involves deciding on the front-end framework (React), database (MongoDB), backend language and framework (Node.js with Express), and additional tools and libraries that will be utilized during the development process.
5.2. Build Phase
The Build Phase involves the actual development of Hunger’s Heaven, translating design and planning into a functional application.
5.2.1. Backend Development
(i). Node.js and Express
The Express framework, which makes building API endpoints easy and flexible, is used in the Node.js backend. For a smooth user experience, Express increases the backend’ s capacity to handle asynchronous re- quests, middleware integration, and route management.
(ii). MongoDB Database
Because MongoDB is schema-less, it can store a variety of recipe data, user profiles, and interaction styles with flexibility. This is why it was chosen. A scalable cloud database solution that guarantees data availability and security is offered by using MongoDB Compass.
(iii). Authentication and Security
To provide secure authentication, stateless verification, and session management, JWT (JSON Web Tokens) are used. User passwords are kept safe thanks to bcrypt’s password hashing technology. To further safeguard user information and privacy, OAuth for social media logins and HTTPS protocols are included.
5.2.2. Frontend Development
(i). React Framework
Because of its component-based architecture, the frontend makes use of the React framework, which makes it easier to create a dynamic and responsive user interface. Even when users interact with the intricate aspects of the application, React’s quick rendering and updating technology guarantees a seamless user experience.
(ii). State Management
Redux or Context API are used for state management, based on the intricacy of the com- ponent interaction. By offering a centralized repository for maintaining the state of the program, this method facilitates data sharing between components.
(iii). Responsive Design
A responsive design is produced using CSS frameworks like Bootstrap or Material-UI, guaranteeing that the application is aesthetically pleasing and usable on a range of screens and devices.
5.2.3. Integration and Deployment
(i). API Communication
RESTful APIs are used by the frontend and backend to facilitate CRUD operations for user profiles, recipes, and community interactions. To send HTTP queries from the frontend to the backend services, utilize Axios or the Fetch API.
(ii). Deployment
Services like Netlify or Vercel are used for the front end of the application, and Heroku is used for the back end. These platforms are user-friendly, automatically scaled, and integrated with Git and other version control systems.
(iii). Continuous Integration and Delivery
By automating the testing and deployment process, CI/CD pipelines—such as those built with Jenkins, GitHub Actions, or GitLab CI/CD—ensure the timely and dependable delivery of application updates.
5.2.4. Integration of AI Features
(i). Personalized Recipe Recommendations
Make recipe recommendations to consumers based on their taste profiles, historical interactions, and nutritional preferences.
(a) Steps in Implementation
A. Data gathering: Compile user information on dietary restrictions, past searches, favorite recipes, and comments from users.
B. Model Development: Construct a recommendation system using machine learning techniques. Hybrid models, content-based filtering, and collaborative filtering are common techniques.
C. Model Training: Make use of previous user data to train the model. Retrain the model often to consider fresh information and enhance suggestions.
D. Integration: Incorporate the recommendation engine into the backend of the application. Make use of API endpoints to deliver real-time, customized recipe recommendations.
(b) Tools & Technology
A. Python: For creating machine learning models.
B. Libraries: Consider using PyTorch, TensoFlow, or Scikit-Learn for creating recommendation systems.
C. NumPy and Pandas: For numerical operations and data manipulation.
(ii). Smart Search Feature
Make the search process more efficient and straightforward by improving the search feature to recognize and adjust to user preferences over time.
(a) Steps in Implementation
A. Search Algorithm Development: Put into practice a search algorithm that interprets and parses user queries using natural language processing (NLP).
B. Semantic Search: Rather than depending only on keyword matching, incorporate semantic search capabilities by utilizing natural language processing (NLP) models to understand the context and subtleties of user queries.
C. Learning User Preferences: Include a feedback loop that notices information from how users engage with search results, such as the recipes they examine, bookmark, or find appealing.
D. Continuous Learning: Make use of online learning strategies that allow the model to be updated automatically as new data is received, negating the need for retraining.
(b) Tools & Technology
A. Elasticsearch: For powerful search functionality.
B. Hugging Face Transformers’ BERT or GPT: For comprehending natural language user inquiries.
C. Python: For creating backend applications with AI features.
5.3. Testing Phase
The Testing Phase is critical to ensure the application is reliable, secure, and user-friendly before its launch.
5.3.1. Unit Testing
Using testing frameworks such as Mocha for Node.js and Jest for React, unit tests are developed and run for individual components and methods. This guarantees that every component of the application functions properly when used alone.
5.3.2. Integration Testing
Integration tests evaluate how well- integrated and dependable the various components of the ap- plication are. Testing database integration, front-end-backend communication, and API endpoints are all included in this.
5.3.3. User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
Real users test the application in a controlled setting as part of UAT. Input is obtained to find any defects, usability problems, or enhancements required to guarantee the application fulfills user expectations.
5.3.4. Performance and Security Testing
While security testing finds flaws in the application to thwart prospective attacks, performance testing verifies the application’s stability and responsiveness under a range of circumstances.
5.3.5. Continuous Testing
When tests are automatically executed with every code update, as part of a continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) pipeline, the application’s quality is maintained throughout the development process.
This all-encompassing strategy, which starts with the design phase and continues with the build and testing phases, guarantees that Hunger’s Heaven is designed to match its goals and offers food fans a smooth, entertaining, and safe platform.