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Research Article
Reciprocal Rage with Tariff: An Analysis
Sankar Rajeev*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
115-121
Received:
4 June 2025
Accepted:
19 June 2025
Published:
4 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jpsir.20250803.11
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Abstract: Forced by the existential crisis permeated by a poor popular mandate, the American administration has been compelled to engage in an opaque tariff policy, high governmental borrowings, and a difficult balance of payments, with proposed populist subsidy measures aggrandizing its position. It is true that such a change forced by a black swan effect caused by the futility of the Ukraine war and Gaza-Iran engagements has created ambivalence, as a result of which a hurried and uncompromising makeover in the economic sector as a whole emerged and, more so, became relatable in the purchasing power of the individuals. The proposed research work has the aim of analyzing quick-fix solutions being applied to tariffs in the light of frequent reciprocal tariff trends with an anachronistic view. An antediluvian scan of literature indicates that analysis of a topic of this nature has not been attempted, being a recent phenomenon much against the age-old declaration by President Ronald Reagan. Studies carried out on the efficacy of altering the tariff rates all over the world (in whichever form) lead us to the important point that the aspirations of neither the industry nor the people are met because of the apocryphal attitude of major players such as defense equipment manufacturers and financial policy think tanks to collaborate in an effective way. Thus, it was found that such a study would be not only enriching and useful but also interesting giving approbation to reciprocal tariff rage which has come to the present world. The findings will give an arcane insight into the relevance of practicable methods to deal with the problem and support further research on the subject. The methodology used has been an archetypal explanatory study.
Abstract: Forced by the existential crisis permeated by a poor popular mandate, the American administration has been compelled to engage in an opaque tariff policy, high governmental borrowings, and a difficult balance of payments, with proposed populist subsidy measures aggrandizing its position. It is true that such a change forced by a black swan effect c...
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Review Article
Temples to Policy Plans: Tracing the Political Trajectory of Education and Governance in Cambodia, from Antiquity to Contemporary Reforms
Sovanna Huot*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
122-132
Received:
8 June 2025
Accepted:
23 June 2025
Published:
15 July 2025
Abstract: This literature review traces the evolution of education in Cambodia from antiquity to the present, analysing changes across nine significant periods. Beginning with informal learning in prehistoric civilizations and oral traditions rooted in indigenous knowledge, the study delves into the evolution of temple-based education during the Angkor Empire, the dualism of colonial-era schooling, and the nationalizing drives that followed independence in 1953. It explores how the Khmer Rouge's rule (1975-1979) affected the educational system, how the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979-1993) dealt with reconstruction, and how current advancements fit into global development frameworks. Important issues include incorporating religious and cultural values into education, the consequences of foreign influence and political ideology, and the continued difference in access and quality between rural and urban areas. This resent study, which combines policy texts and contemporary data, demonstrates Cambodia's amazing ability to rebuild its educational institutions in the face of adversity. It also identifies gaps in the literature for comparative regional studies, equity-oriented research, and post-conflict educational memory. This study adds to general understanding of how education institutions in postcolonial and post-conflict settings respond to globalization, national identity, and developmental aspirations.
Abstract: This literature review traces the evolution of education in Cambodia from antiquity to the present, analysing changes across nine significant periods. Beginning with informal learning in prehistoric civilizations and oral traditions rooted in indigenous knowledge, the study delves into the evolution of temple-based education during the Angkor Empir...
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Research Article
Biafra, the Ikemba and the Unfinished Business
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
133-141
Received:
4 June 2025
Accepted:
21 June 2025
Published:
30 July 2025
Abstract: Chief Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, a generational leader, left an irreplaceable legacy when he passed away on November 4, 2011. Following his death, debates emerged not only about who would fill the leadership void but also about his unfinished business. Theories also emerged, suggesting that this unfinished business included achieving Igbo presidency, regional autonomy, Biafra’s restoration, or the publication of his promised account of the Biafran war. With the resurgence of Biafran separatism and rising insecurity in Southeast Nigeria, discussions about Ojukwu’s unfinished business have intensified, especially within movements like the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) and Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASOB). This study uses documentary research and hermeneutics to examine whether the restoration of Biafra truly represents Ojukwu’s unfinished business, based on his life before, during, and after Biafra. The research finds that Ojukwu’s life was primarily driven by the pursuit of freedom and justice. It argues that Ojokwu’s unfinished business based on these primary drivers of his life is not an independent Biafran state, but a Nigeria where all citizens are treated equally and every region is allowed to develop according to its potential. The study therefore concludes that the various theories about Ojukwu’s unfinished business are complementary, and working together to create a better Nigeria would honor his legacy.
Abstract: Chief Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, a generational leader, left an irreplaceable legacy when he passed away on November 4, 2011. Following his death, debates emerged not only about who would fill the leadership void but also about his unfinished business. Theories also emerged, suggesting that this unfinished business included achieving Igbo preside...
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Communication
Reimagining Nigeria: CISNA (Commonwealth of Independent States of Niger Area) as a Confederal Path to Prosperity
Oluwadare Ogunlade*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
142-149
Received:
20 June 2025
Accepted:
21 July 2025
Published:
5 August 2025
Abstract: Nigeria’s persistent ethno-political fractures, resource inequity, and centrifugal federalism necessitate radical structural rethinking. This conceptual analysis proposes the Commonwealth of Independent States of Niger Area (CISNA)—a voluntary confederation of eight sovereign entities: six derived from Nigeria’s geopolitical zones, plus Lagos and Abuja as autonomous city-states modelled on global successes (e.g., Singapore). CISNA transcends the failing centralized model by prioritizing interdependent sovereignty: member-states retain independent governance, militaries, and economies while collaborating via a minimalist intergovernmental framework headquartered in Abuja. Crucially, CISNA integrates conflict-mitigation mechanisms: rotational leadership (5-year terms), equitable privatization/distribution of federal assets, and binding accession/exit protocols. Drawing structural and operational parallels with the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), this framework addresses Nigeria’s unique challenges by replacing coercive federalism with consensual confederalism. It is positioned not as fragmentation but as an evolutionary recalibration—fostering unity through voluntary cooperation, not imposed hierarchy. The paper argues CISNA offers a context-specific pathway to resolve cyclical power struggles, catalyze inclusive development, and unlock the region’s latent potential. By situating the model within comparative confederal theory and Nigeria’s socio-political exigencies, this contribution advances discourse on post-colonial state viability, institutional design for plural societies, and non-coercive pathways to stability in Africa. CISNA represents a transformative reimagining of governance capable of turning Nigeria’s diversity from a fault line into a foundation for enduring peace and prosperity.
Abstract: Nigeria’s persistent ethno-political fractures, resource inequity, and centrifugal federalism necessitate radical structural rethinking. This conceptual analysis proposes the Commonwealth of Independent States of Niger Area (CISNA)—a voluntary confederation of eight sovereign entities: six derived from Nigeria’s geopolitical zones, plus Lagos and A...
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Research Article
Contribution of Conservation Diplomacy to Protracted Land Conflicts in Suyian Ranch, Laikipia County, Kenya
Paul Munyalo*,
Martin Munyao
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
150-161
Received:
1 July 2025
Accepted:
28 July 2025
Published:
13 August 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jpsir.20250803.15
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Abstract: Objective and Context: There has been little research on the effect of conservation diplomacy on land conflicts in Laikipia County, Kenya, which is the focus of this study. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between conservation diplomacy and protracted land conflicts in Suyian Ranch, Laikipia County, Kenya. Methodology: An exploratory convergent mixed research design was employed, where interviews and surveys were undertaken concurrently. The target population was 165,447 people living in Laikipia North and Laikipia West sub-counties, where Suyian Ranch is located. Additional population members included the local pastoralist community around Suyian ranch, the management of the ranch, the farmers around Suyian ranch and the local security apparatus in Laikipia County. Simple random sampling was used to select 96 residents of Laikipia North and Laikipia West sub-counties to participate in the study. Further, purposive sampling was used to select the sample size to participate in Key informant interviews. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using content analysis and descriptive statistics methods, respectively. Key Findings and Recommendations: The findings revealed that Suyian Ranch activities, such as reporting the pastoralists to the government security agencies, who often respond with lethal force against the pastoralists, resulted in conflict. The study recommends that Suyian Ranch management embrace peaceful conflict resolution methods such as such as getting into agreement with pastoralists as regards access to water and pasture during droughts. The government to stop the blanket use of brute force against all pastoralists, as some are genuine pastoralists in need of pasture and water.
Abstract: Objective and Context: There has been little research on the effect of conservation diplomacy on land conflicts in Laikipia County, Kenya, which is the focus of this study. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between conservation diplomacy and protracted land conflicts in Suyian Ranch, Laikipia County, Kenya. Methodology: An ...
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Research Article
The Nigerian Civil Servants and Annual Functions: A Critical Analysis of Annual Performance Evaluation Report (APER)
Ademeso Tosin Success*,
Yusuf Lawal
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
162-168
Received:
19 April 2025
Accepted:
22 May 2025
Published:
13 August 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jpsir.20250803.16
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Abstract: Civil servants are employees of government that provides services or goods to the public in whatever capacity on behalf of government. Nigerian Civil servants attach too much value to the Annual Performance Evaluation (APER) which done annually. This research work was designed to critically analyse the Nigerian Civil Service Rules Annual Functions in line with the Annual Performance Evaluation Reports (APER). The main objective of the study is to examine the importance of the Annual Performance Evaluation Report to the Nigerian Civil Servants. Relevant data for this research work were collected from secondary sources. A descriptive method was used for this study. The research therefore concluded and recommended that the Civil Service should maintain the value attached to the Annual Performance Evaluation Report (APER); Annual Performance Evaluation Report (APER) is more effective compared to other ways evaluating performance and should be treated as such in the civil service among other criteria of evaluating performance; APER should remain the basis of any promotion exercise in the civil service; finally, an elaborate APER should be devised with emphasis on competencies and specialisations.
Abstract: Civil servants are employees of government that provides services or goods to the public in whatever capacity on behalf of government. Nigerian Civil servants attach too much value to the Annual Performance Evaluation (APER) which done annually. This research work was designed to critically analyse the Nigerian Civil Service Rules Annual Functions ...
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