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Review Article
Biology, Ecology, Symptoms and Management of Downy and Powdery Mildew Diseases: A Review
Esuyawkal Demis*
,
Melkamu Andargie
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
24-33
Received:
9 January 2025
Accepted:
7 April 2025
Published:
29 April 2025
Abstract: Downy mildew and powdery mildew are fungal diseases that cause diseases in plants. They are a major limiting factor for the production and productivity of crops and they are caused extensive quantitative as well as qualitative damage to the crops. These plant pathogens damage crop quality and yield worldwide. They cause a variety of symptoms on the affected plant parts and cause severe infections. The severity of downy and powdery mildew diseases varies and the variations depend on the environmental conditions. During favorable environmental conditions, they cause serious yield reduction. To minimize the losses caused by these fungal pathogens it is important to understand the pathogen biology, ecology, symptoms, damage, and differences between the two fungal pathogens that is important for identification and successful management methods. Hence, the objective of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the general biology, ecology, symptoms, damage, and control of downy mildew and powdery mildew of fungal diseases. Downy mildew and powdery mildew fungi cause significant diseases in a variety of economically important crops. These diseases often cause rapid and severe losses of crop yields. To reduce the losses caused by downy mildew and powdery mildew diseases, timely application of cultural, chemical, biological, host plant resistance, and integrated disease management methods are essential. Therefore timely application of management methods for mildew diseases is crucial for effective control. Specifically, integrated disease management serves as the most effective strategy to minimize the damage caused by these diseases, ultimately enhancing both the quantity and quality of crops globally.
Abstract: Downy mildew and powdery mildew are fungal diseases that cause diseases in plants. They are a major limiting factor for the production and productivity of crops and they are caused extensive quantitative as well as qualitative damage to the crops. These plant pathogens damage crop quality and yield worldwide. They cause a variety of symptoms on the...
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Research Article
Integration and Innovation of AIDD and CADD: Cutting-Edge Technologies and Future Trends in Accelerating Drug Development
Donglin Song*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
57-65
Received:
30 April 2025
Accepted:
13 May 2025
Published:
16 June 2025
Abstract: Traditional new drug R & D is mired in problems like long cycles, high costs, and low success rates. The integration of AIDD and CADD offers a fresh approach to breaking the “ten - year and ten - billion - dollar curse”. AIDD, with advanced technologies like deep learning and GANs, has greatly improved the efficiency of target identification, drug screening, and optimization. CADD, wielding established molecular modeling and virtual screening methods, lends theoretical backing to drug design. By analyzing cases of AIDD and CADD in target identification, virtual screening, and multimodal model application, the paper shows their advantages in speeding up drug discovery. Results indicate that their integration optimizes the R & D process, reducing costs and timelines. It also explores future trends like multimodal data fusion, reinforcement learning, and AI model interpretability, presenting strategies for tackling challenges in data quality and interdisciplinary collaboration. This paper focuses on the integrative innovation between artificial intelligence-driven drug design (AIDD) and computer - assisted drug design (CADD), delving into their role in accelerating drug development and future trends. Tied to China's biopharmaceutical industry growth, the paper proposes national - strategy recommendations, stressing international cooperation and policy support. The integrative innovation of AIDD and CADD heralds new opportunities for advancing personalized and precision medicine.
Abstract: Traditional new drug R & D is mired in problems like long cycles, high costs, and low success rates. The integration of AIDD and CADD offers a fresh approach to breaking the “ten - year and ten - billion - dollar curse”. AIDD, with advanced technologies like deep learning and GANs, has greatly improved the efficiency of target identification, drug ...
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Research Article
Assessment of Major Weeds for Cereals Crops in Buno Bedele and Ilu Aba Bor Zones of South-western Oromia, Ethiopia
Takele Kusa*,
Bati Dube
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
66-78
Received:
16 January 2025
Accepted:
9 May 2025
Published:
18 June 2025
Abstract: Field survey was conducted to assess weeds of three major cereal crops i.e maize, sorghum, and Tef in representative districts of Ilu Aba Bora and Buno Bedele Zones of Southwestern Oromia. Key parameters such as frequency, dominance, abundance and similarity index have been analyzed for each crop and district. Generally, for most crops and districts, annual broad-leaf weeds dominated over grass, sedge and leafless type of weeds. The most dominant weed family that contained the highest number of weed species for all crops and fields assessed was Poaceae followed by Asteraceae, Compositeae and Caryophyllaceae families. In most cases, weeds of a crop were similar across the various districts as indicated by similarity index. The frequency of individual weed species in maize, sorghum, and tef fields ranged from 3.3% up to 100%, 6.7% up to 100% and 3.3% up to 100% respectively in the Buno Bedele zone and 3.3%-100% in maize, sorghum and tef respectively in Ilu Aba Bor zone while the dominance value ranged from 0.4% up to 24.7%, 0.5% up to 13.2% and 0.1% up to 14.8% respectively in Buno Bedele zone and 0.5% up to 26.3%, 0.2% up to 20.8% and 0.2 up to 25.4% in maize, sorghum and tef respectively in Ilu Aba Bor zone. The most frequent and dominant weed species were Galinsoga parviflor, Polygonum nepalense, Bidens pachyouma, Guzotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov., Trifolium pretense and Datura stramonium L. for both Maize and Sorghum; Spergula arvensis L., Setaria pumila, Galinsoga parviflor, Polygonum nepalense, Cyperus esculentus L., Centella asiatica L. Trifolium pratense and Bidens pachyouma for Tef crop.
Abstract: Field survey was conducted to assess weeds of three major cereal crops i.e maize, sorghum, and Tef in representative districts of Ilu Aba Bora and Buno Bedele Zones of Southwestern Oromia. Key parameters such as frequency, dominance, abundance and similarity index have been analyzed for each crop and district. Generally, for most crops and district...
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