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Simultaneity, Chronometrology, and the Two Postulates of Relativity
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, July 2017
Pages:
43-49
Received:
21 August 2016
Accepted:
26 November 2016
Published:
6 May 2017
Abstract: Einstein gave examples whereby simultaneous events recorded by one inertial observer may not be simultaneous for other inertial observers. This paper eliminates a common misconception. Simultaneous events are confused with separated events occurring at the same coordinate time. Simultaneous events are witnessed by all observers, whether inertial or accelerated, because simultaneous events occur when phenomena collide, merge, overlap, or superimpose into one point at the same instant of time. Chronometric events are separated by a nonzero distance and occur at the same coordinate time of a reference frame. Simultaneous events are witnessed identically by all observers, because a point is still a point with an instantaneous time within any reference frame. Chronometric events occur at identical coordinate times, but are usually not simultaneous, because the distances to convey the information to an observer are usually unequal so that arrival times are different. Einstein’s thought experiment to test simultaneity is explained by Newtonian physics without relativity. The mathematics concerning an embellishment of this thought experiment is derived. The contradictory results indicate the two relativity postulates should be revised to establish the correct equations in inertial frames to make identical predictions using the proper transformation.
Abstract: Einstein gave examples whereby simultaneous events recorded by one inertial observer may not be simultaneous for other inertial observers. This paper eliminates a common misconception. Simultaneous events are confused with separated events occurring at the same coordinate time. Simultaneous events are witnessed by all observers, whether inertial or...
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Vector Addition of Light’s Velocity Versus the Hafele-Keating Time Dilation Test
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, July 2017
Pages:
50-55
Received:
21 August 2016
Accepted:
26 November 2016
Published:
6 May 2017
Abstract: The equivalence between the constancy of light in all inertial, nongravitated frames and time dilation is derived in this paper. Length contraction is not part of this equivalence and is eliminated by Occam’s razor. The null result of the Mickelson-Morley experiment requires a different explanation for the same intensity of the recombination of split light beams as originally transmitted, especially in the perpendicular component. Vector addition of velocities applies to light’s behavior in both parallel and perpendicular components of the moving Mickelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. If the one-way speed of light is not a universal constant in all directions for moving inertial frames, then the time dilation formula is incorrect. One must question any time dilation experiments, particularly the claims in the Hafele-Keating report, which contains several inaccuracies and data manipulation. Another time dilation experiment with better atomic clock and rigorous testing is warranted.
Abstract: The equivalence between the constancy of light in all inertial, nongravitated frames and time dilation is derived in this paper. Length contraction is not part of this equivalence and is eliminated by Occam’s razor. The null result of the Mickelson-Morley experiment requires a different explanation for the same intensity of the recombination of spl...
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Measuring Velocity of Moving Inertial Frames with Light Transmissions
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, July 2017
Pages:
56-60
Received:
31 August 2016
Accepted:
26 November 2016
Published:
6 May 2017
Abstract: Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy provided the foundation of classical physics. This paper reviews several of his critical definitions, his three axioms, key corollaries, and concept of inertial frames. Newton’s first axiom or law requires the vector addition of velocities by Corollary I to translate the equation of motion of a constantly moving body from one inertial frame to another inertial frame. His relativity principle in Corollary V is often expanded to mean that any equation retains the same form in all inertial frames. This is true if the equations involve only Newtonian forces, but equations that specify velocity need to include the mutual velocity between moving inertial frames to fully transform the results between all reference frames. The speed of light parameter must correctly incorporate the mutual velocity between moving inertial frames. It is assumed the speed of light is a constant in all directions only in absolutely stationary, nongravitated reference frames, which is less restrictive than the assumption of universal speed of light in all inertial frames. A test is outlined with suggested equipment to measure the one-way speed of light simultaneously in three dimensions. Equations are provided to convert the results into the instantaneous directional velocity of the laboratory frame. It may take a few years to collect data to separate the Earth’s rotation, precession, nutation, polar wobble, Earth’s orbital velocity around the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon barycenters, and the solar system’s movement due to the Milky Way’s rotation and translational velocity within the universe.
Abstract: Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy provided the foundation of classical physics. This paper reviews several of his critical definitions, his three axioms, key corollaries, and concept of inertial frames. Newton’s first axiom or law requires the vector addition of velocities by Corollary I to translate the equation of motion of a...
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Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, July 2017
Pages:
61-73
Received:
11 October 2016
Accepted:
3 January 2017
Published:
28 May 2017
Abstract: This paper compares the post-Newtonian approximation (PNA) to general relativity (GR) for the relativistic perihelion shift calculations. Nelson’s PNA predicts 5/6 of GR’s perihelion shift. Using the original Universal Time (UT), Shapiro’s accurate, highly elliptical orbit for Icarus corroborates PNA while GR exceeds the error boundary. The Icarus result was λ = 0.75 ± 0.08 where λ=1 for GR and λ=0 for Newtonian theory. Studies of Mercury’s perihelion shift used timescales equivalent to lunar Ephemeris Time (ET) with the present Système International (SI) second, the basic time unit for all atomic timescales like International Atomic Time (TAI). Atomic timescales run faster than UT, because the SI second is 2.468E-8 s shorter than the original UT second. This is confirmed by the two observational reports using the original calibration data of 1955-1958, by the Improved Lunar Ephemeris used in the original calibration, by the linear divergence of TAI versus UT during 1958-1998, and by the 2.1 ms mean excess between a UT day and TAI day during 1958-1998. Time dilation was not included in the lunar theory, which is confirmed by timekeeping authorities. So, the undilated lunar ET second is shorter than Earth’s proper UT second. An ET timescale creates an additional, artificial perihelion shift for Mercury of 6.433”/cy. Other renowned relativists used a 1973 update for Earth’s general precession that now excludes the GR prediction while including the PNA prediction if the artificial Mercury shift is included in the calculations. Apparently, Nelson’s PNA is more accurate than GR.
Abstract: This paper compares the post-Newtonian approximation (PNA) to general relativity (GR) for the relativistic perihelion shift calculations. Nelson’s PNA predicts 5/6 of GR’s perihelion shift. Using the original Universal Time (UT), Shapiro’s accurate, highly elliptical orbit for Icarus corroborates PNA while GR exceeds the error boundary. The Icarus ...
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The Interaction of Bilayer Graphene with an External Magnetic Field
Yuri Petrovich Rybakov,
Abdullahi Bappah Ahmed
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, July 2017
Pages:
74-77
Received:
14 April 2017
Accepted:
19 May 2017
Published:
16 June 2017
Abstract: In this phenomenological approach to the study of magnetism in bilayer graphene, the chiral model of graphene was employ to describe the interaction of the bilayer graphene with an external magnetic field. The simplest scalar chiral model of graphene suggested earlier and based on the SU (2) order parameter is generalized by including 8-spinor field as an additional order parameter for the description of spin (magnetic) excitations in the bilayer graphene. As an illustration we study the interaction of the bilayer graphene with the external magnetic field orthogonal to the plane. The Lagrangian density of the model was constructed; The Lagrangian density of the model includes the three interacting terms, the spinor field, chiral field, and the electromagnetic field. The domain wall solution describing the bilayer graphene configuration is introduced for studying the magnetic field behavior in the central domain of the material; the solution to the inhomogeneous equations were found using the Green’s function method, at small radial field, the paramagnetic behavior of the material was revealed and the strengthening of the magnetic intensity inside the material in the central domain of the material was also revealed.
Abstract: In this phenomenological approach to the study of magnetism in bilayer graphene, the chiral model of graphene was employ to describe the interaction of the bilayer graphene with an external magnetic field. The simplest scalar chiral model of graphene suggested earlier and based on the SU (2) order parameter is generalized by including 8-spinor fiel...
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