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Research Article
Soil Test Crop Response Based Phosphorus Calibration Study on Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha District, East Showa, Oromia, Ethiopia
Mekonnen Workineh*
,
Kasahun Kitila
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
1-8
Received:
4 November 2025
Accepted:
25 November 2025
Published:
20 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.11
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Abstract: Agricultural production and land productivity have been declining due to various factors, with unbalanced fertilizer application identified as a major cause. To address this issue, soil test-based crop response fertilizer recommendations offer an effective solution. An on-farm experiment was conducted in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district over three consecutive cropping seasons (2022-2024) to determine the optimum nitrogen (N) level, phosphorous critical level (Pc), and phosphorus requirement factor (Pf) for bread wheat production. In the first year, fifteen factorial treatments combining five nitrogen levels (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg/ha) and four phosphorus levels (0, 23, 46, and 92 kg/ha) were tested using a randomized complete block design with three replications on 9m² plots. Bread wheat variety Kingbird was used as the test crop. In the subsequent two years, the optimum nitrogen rate (46 kg/ha) identified in the first year was uniformly applied, while five phosphorus levels (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg/ha) were evaluated to determine phosphorus critical level and requirement factor. Grain yield data were analyzed using SAS statistical software with mean comparisons by LSD at p<0.05, and partial budget analysis was conducted using CIMMYT guidelines. Results showed significant differences among treatments, with the highest grain yield of 3296.5 kg/ha obtained from the combined application of 46 kg/ha N and 69 kg/ha P, while the control plot yielded 2330.2 kg/ha. The economically optimum nitrogen rate was 46 kg/ha, with phosphorus critical level and phosphorus requirement factor determined as 19.92 ppm and 2.38, respectively. These findings provide essential parameters for soil test-based fertilizer recommendations to enhance bread wheat productivity in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district.
Abstract: Agricultural production and land productivity have been declining due to various factors, with unbalanced fertilizer application identified as a major cause. To address this issue, soil test-based crop response fertilizer recommendations offer an effective solution. An on-farm experiment was conducted in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district over thre...
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Research Article
Assessment of Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Structures in Drylands Areas and Their Challenges West Harareghe Zone, Chiro, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
9-22
Received:
25 October 2025
Accepted:
8 November 2025
Published:
24 December 2025
Abstract: The main problem of this 211st century is lack of water and contamination of water. Even if Ethiopia has water tower country in the eastern Africa; she has known as scarcity of water both in quality and quantity. This study will be entitled with: assessment of implementation of rainwater harvesting structures in drylands areas and their challenges west Harareghe zone, Chiro Ethiopia. The objectives include: two phases: first phases include the following objectives-to identify the causes and factors that are adversely affects rainwater harvesting; to evaluate the challenges prevent rainwater harvesting and its utilization; to recognize the success and an exemplary model of rainwater harvesting areas; to investigate the consequence impacts of the failure of rainwater harvesting and to identify the socio-economic and environmental effects of rainwater harvesting. second phases include: implementation of model RWH structures for crop production on farm land, for forest tree production on forest land and for livestock consumption and fodder production on pasture land, for wild animals consumption and rehabilitation of their habitat through keeping of livestock and wild animals ecosystem balance; to be monitoring and evaluating the project and then transferring to other areas having similar agro-climatic conditions, topography and soil types. Of all identification of soil textures similarity to before losses of transfer of economy to other areas. Random sampling techniques will be considered by taking 10% of the PA population for interview through their stratification of random sampling techniques based on the criteria stated under the methodology.
Abstract: The main problem of this 211st century is lack of water and contamination of water. Even if Ethiopia has water tower country in the eastern Africa; she has known as scarcity of water both in quality and quantity. This study will be entitled with: assessment of implementation of rainwater harvesting structures in drylands areas and their challenges ...
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Research Article
Review on Crop Water Requirements in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
23-28
Received:
2 November 2025
Accepted:
21 November 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.13
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Abstract: Agriculture in Ethiopia, which is predominantly dependent on smallholder rain-fed production systems, remains highly vulnerable to climatic variability, recurrent droughts, and increasing water scarcity. Accurate estimation of crop water requirement (CWR)- the volume of water required to satisfy crop evapotranspiration (ETo) for optimal growth is fundamental for irrigation design, crop planning, and sustainable manage net of limited water resources. In the Ethiopian context crop water requirement (CWR) coupled with crop coefficient (Kc) approaches, operationalized through decision support models such as CROPWAT and Aqua-Crop. However, substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity in climatic variables, soil properties, and cropping systems creates high uncertainty in current estimations. Additionally, inadequate meteorological coverage, insufficient temporal data resolution, and the scarcity of locally calibrated Kc values constrain the accuracy and applicability of results across diverse agro-ecological zones. Recent climate projections under moderate emission pathways (e.g., RCP4.5) indicate a significant rise in temperature and altered rainfall distribution, potentially intensifying evapotranspiration and shifting seasonal irrigation demand. Emerging studies utilizing satellite-based evapotranspiration retrievals, downscaled climate models, and GIS-integrated hydrological simulations have improved crop water requirement (CWR) mapping and spatial analysis. Nevertheless, the integration of green-water (rain-fed) and blue water (irrigation) components into comprehensive water balance frameworks remains underdeveloped, limiting the translation of findings into actionable adaptation strategies. Bringing the methodological and data gaps through advanced spatial analysis tools, remote sensing technologies, and climate smart irrigation modeling is imperative for strengthening Ethiopia’s food and water security and ensuring resilient agricultural development under climatic conditions.
Abstract: Agriculture in Ethiopia, which is predominantly dependent on smallholder rain-fed production systems, remains highly vulnerable to climatic variability, recurrent droughts, and increasing water scarcity. Accurate estimation of crop water requirement (CWR)- the volume of water required to satisfy crop evapotranspiration (ETo) for optimal growth is f...
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Research Article
Providing Detail Overview of the Ethiopian Printing Industry, Including the Number of Active Publishers, Job Opportunities, and Market Condition
Sisay Demissie Geda*,
Tujuba Tamiru Ashetu
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
29-41
Received:
21 October 2025
Accepted:
24 November 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.14
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Abstract: The local printing industry is integral to the global economy, particularly in sectors like education and media. Despite its potential, the industry faces significant challenges that hinder growth and efficiency. With a local production capacity of approximately 158 million textbooks, there is a compelling opportunity to reduce dependency on imported materials, which currently costs around $35.78 million annually. This financial drain not only affects foreign currency reserves but also limits local job creation and stifles technological innovation. The local printing sector could increase employments from 5,000, to 7,506, if the text books printing allowed locally. This growth would not only empower communities economically but also foster technology transfer, helping local firms remain competitive in the global market. However, many businesses struggle due to outdated technology and infrastructure, which restricts production capacity and product quality. Additionally, attracting skilled labor is a notable challenge, exacerbated by a lack of vocational training and awareness of career opportunities in printing Industries. Market uncertainties, compounded by fluctuating raw material prices and insufficient financial resources, further inhibit competitiveness. The absence of comprehensive government policies to support the local printing Industry sector significantly limits growth potential. A thorough assessment of the industry's capability to meet educational demands is crucial for identifying operational strengths and critical issues. Addressing these challenges can lead to a more resilient local printing industry that contributes to educational sustainability and broader economic development.
Abstract: The local printing industry is integral to the global economy, particularly in sectors like education and media. Despite its potential, the industry faces significant challenges that hinder growth and efficiency. With a local production capacity of approximately 158 million textbooks, there is a compelling opportunity to reduce dependency on import...
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Research Article
Ethical Considerations in AI-powered Social Innovation: Balancing Progress with Responsibility
Mohammed Zeinu Hassen*
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
42-50
Received:
15 November 2025
Accepted:
1 December 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.15
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Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into social innovation strategies, offering transformative potential for addressing complex global challenges in sectors such as healthcare, environmental protection, and education. However, the deployment of these technologies raises profound ethical concerns that must be addressed to prevent unintended harm. This study employs a systematic literature review of academic and policy discourse published between 2020 and 2025 to critically examine the moral dimensions of AI-powered social innovation. The analysis focuses on the tension between the pursuit of technological efficiency and the imperative of social responsibility. The review identifies three primary ethical challenges. First, algorithmic bias frequently perpetuates and amplifies existing social inequalities, creating "automated injustice" where historical discrimination is encoded into future predictions. Second, the data-intensive nature of AI creates significant privacy risks, particularly for vulnerable populations, leading to potential surveillance and the erosion of informed consent. Third, an "accountability void" emerges due to the opacity of "black box" systems and the diffusion of responsibility among stakeholders, complicating the ability to seek redress for algorithmic harm. Synthesizing these findings, the paper argues that these are not isolated technical glitches but interconnected structural failures resulting from prioritizing scale over human dignity. Consequently, the study proposes a comprehensive framework for "Responsible AI" to guide practitioners, policymakers, and governance bodies. This framework is built upon three essential pillars: the mandatory adoption of a human-centered design philosophy, the establishment of genuine and continuous community partnerships, and the implementation of robust mechanisms for ongoing moral review and auditing. The study concludes that moving beyond superficial technical fixes to a holistic socio-technical approach is essential for building AI systems that are effective, fair, and aligned with human principles.
Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into social innovation strategies, offering transformative potential for addressing complex global challenges in sectors such as healthcare, environmental protection, and education. However, the deployment of these technologies raises profound ethical concerns that must be addressed to prevent...
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Research Article
On the Folk Martial Arts of the Kuban Cossacks in the Russian Empire in the Mid-19th - Early 20th Centuries
Spartak Gennadievich Aleksandrov*
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
51-54
Received:
3 November 2025
Accepted:
14 November 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.16
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Abstract: Favorable conditions have been created in Russia for the restoration of the distinctive culture of the Kuban Cossacks, including traditional games, competitions, and martial arts. Scientific research into this issue within the framework of specialized historical, pedagogical, and ethnographic research is becoming a prerequisite for the development of a concept for traditional means and forms of physical culture and sports in Kuban. This study is based on a historical and ethnographic framework and examines the content of traditional martial arts among the Kuban Cossacks in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The study draws on works on the history, culture, and ethnography of the Kuban Cossacks, documentary evidence, pre-revolutionary periodicals, field observations, and folklore. It presents a description of individual means and forms of training in striking and wrestling among children and youth of the Kuban Cossacks at the family and community levels. The methods of conducting combat battles, the strategy and tactics of Cossack martial arts, including elements of game power wrestling with wild animals (bears), are specified. It explores the history, characteristic features of the content, and specific factors in the formation of martial arts traditions among children, youth, and adult Cossacks.
Abstract: Favorable conditions have been created in Russia for the restoration of the distinctive culture of the Kuban Cossacks, including traditional games, competitions, and martial arts. Scientific research into this issue within the framework of specialized historical, pedagogical, and ethnographic research is becoming a prerequisite for the development ...
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Review Article
Advances in Metallurgy and Materials from Ancient Times
Dattaguru Ananthapadmanaban*,
Thogulva Raghavan Vijayaram,
Venu Arvind
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
55-59
Received:
17 September 2025
Accepted:
10 October 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.17
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Abstract: Ancient metallurgy was advanced in some ways. Not much is known about ancient metallurgy since most of the knowledge is lost due to various factors. There has been recent interest that has been kindled in ancient metallurgy. Western ideas crept in, in recent times and made the art of metallurgy more productive and profitable and now Metallurgy has changed to Materials Science. Evolution of Some of the ancient alloys, like Wootz steel are discussed. Their progress through the ages has been identified and advancements in furnaces are outlined. reviews the art of metallurgy and suggests how ancient arts could be blended with modern technology. The purpose of this paper is to rekindle interest in the ancient metallurgy and also supplement ancient ideas with modern ones. Terms like Nanotechnology are fairly new, but the concepts existed in ancient times in another form. Similarly, furnace technology has evolved from ancient times till now. It is felt that rekindling interest in ancient metallurgy will somehow help to blend these ancient technologies with modern technologies.
Abstract: Ancient metallurgy was advanced in some ways. Not much is known about ancient metallurgy since most of the knowledge is lost due to various factors. There has been recent interest that has been kindled in ancient metallurgy. Western ideas crept in, in recent times and made the art of metallurgy more productive and profitable and now Metallurgy has ...
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Research Article
COC Competence Performance Evaluation for Ethiopian TVET Schools
Abel Channie Demeke*
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
60-71
Received:
2 November 2025
Accepted:
18 November 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.18
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Abstract: The development of a nation's human capital is intrinsically linked to the quality of its educational systems. In Ethiopia, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) program is a crucial of this development. It is the source for the much-required middle level highly skilled oriented professionals. In this respect the Certificate of Competence (COC) assessment serves as a critical gateway for graduates to succeeds. This study explores the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to predict student performance in COC examinations. The aim of the paper is to identify key predictive factors in COC that helps enhance educational outcomes. The study utilizes a dataset of 19,680 student records obtained from Addis Ababa Occupational Competency Assessment and Certification Center. Various ML classification models employed including Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Neural Networks, and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The main activities of the study pertaining on the model are rigorous data preprocessing and feature engineering and model training and evaluation using 10-fold cross-validation. Regarding the result most models score a high result – on average scoring around 95% accuracy. The actual predication of the model involves predicting whether a student will be "Competent" or "Not Yet Competent". The feature Practical result is identified as the most significant predictor of success. This study demonstrates the robust potential of ML to transform raw educational data into actionable insights. This enables TVET institutions to implement timely interventions, optimize resource allocation, and ultimately improve student success rates, thereby contributing to Ethiopia's broader socioeconomic development goals.
Abstract: The development of a nation's human capital is intrinsically linked to the quality of its educational systems. In Ethiopia, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) program is a crucial of this development. It is the source for the much-required middle level highly skilled oriented professionals. In this respect the Certificate of Com...
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Research Article
Effects of Irrigation and Mulching Levels on Yield, Yield Component and Water Productivity of Maize in Dugda District, East Shewa Zone of Oromia
Dulo Husen*,
Anbese Ambomsa,
Zelalem Shelemew
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
72-84
Received:
11 November 2025
Accepted:
22 November 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.19
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Abstract: Mulching conserve water and improve irrigation efficiency in agriculture, especially in the areas where water resources are limited and regulated. The objectives of this research were to examine the effect deficit irrigation and levels of wheat straw mulch on yield, yield components and water productivity of maize in Dugda district of East shewa zone of Oromia Regional state. The experimental design consisted two (irrigation levels and straw mulch) factors arranged in factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The two factors were the four irrigation levels (55% ETc, 85% ETc, 70% ETc and 100% ETc) and three levels (no mulch, 3t/ha of wheat straw mulch and 5t/ha of wheat straw mulch) of wheat straw mulch. According to USDA soil textural classification, the soil of experimental site was classified as sandy loam soil. The highest and minimum plant height were recorded from the treatment of 100% ETc*5t/ha of wheat straw mulch and 55% ETc without mulch respectively. Moreover, the mulching with 100% ETc*5t/ha improved plant height by 7.5% than 55% ETc with no mulch. Statistically there was significant difference (P<0.05) between the treatments on cob length, cob diameter and thousand seeds weight. The highest and minimum cob length, and cob diameter and thousand seeds weight were recorded from the treatment of 100% ETc*5t/ha of wheat straw mulch and 55% ETc with no mulch respectively over the others. Statistically there was significant difference (p<0.05) between the treatments on the yield and water productivity. The mean of highest and minimum yield were recorded from the treatment of 100% ETc*5t/ha of wheat straw mulch and 55% ETc without mulch respectively over the others. The highest and minimum water productivity were recorded from the treatment of 55% ETc*5t/ha of wheat straw mulch and 100% ETc (control) with no mulch respectively over the others. The plot mulching with 100% ETc*5t/ha and 55% ETc*5t/ha of wheat straw mulch improved yield and water productivity by 33.94% and 43.63% than 55% ETc with no mulch respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that the critical depth of water application for moisture stress area should not be below 85% ETc with 5t/ha of wheat straw mulch of full maize water requirement for obtaining relatively good grain yield with a better improvement on water productivity and economically viable in study area and similarly agro ecology.
Abstract: Mulching conserve water and improve irrigation efficiency in agriculture, especially in the areas where water resources are limited and regulated. The objectives of this research were to examine the effect deficit irrigation and levels of wheat straw mulch on yield, yield components and water productivity of maize in Dugda district of East shewa zo...
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Research Article
Remapping and ECU Tuning Techniques in Modern Vehicles: Benefits, Risks, and Future Trends
Javad Heydari*
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
85-91
Received:
3 November 2025
Accepted:
19 November 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ri.20260201.20
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This paper explores the techniques, benefits, risks, and future trends of Engine Control Unit (ECU) remapping and tuning in modern vehicles. ECU tuning has become a significant practice in both performance enhancement and efficiency optimization for internal combustion engines and, increasingly, electric powertrains. The study discusses key benefits such as improved horsepower, torque, fuel economy, and drivability, alongside drawbacks including warranty voidance, increased emissions, potential engine damage, and legal implications. Emerging trends such as AI-powered adaptive optimization, cloud-based tuning, and electrification are highlighted, showing how the practice is evolving to align with future automotive developments. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for responsible adoption of tuning practices, balancing performance with safety, environmental sustainability, and regulatory compliance. In the rapidly evolving automotive industry, Engine Control Unit (ECU) remapping and tuning have emerged as critical technologies for optimizing vehicle performance, efficiency, and sustainability. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of ECU remapping techniques, highlighting their benefits, risks, and future trends. ECU remapping involves modifying the factory- installed software that governs engine functions such as fuel injection, ignition timing, and turbo boost levels to unlock hidden performance potential. Advances in computing power, diagnostic tools, and connectivity have made these techniques increasingly accessible to mainstream vehicle owners, not just automotive enthusiasts. The study reveals multiple advantages of ECU tuning, including enhanced horsepower and torque, improved fuel economy, reduced turbo lag, better throttle response, and cost savings for fleet operators. For instance, performance maps can increase power output by up to 25%, while economy maps can reduce fuel consumption by 5–10%, making tuning attractive for both performance-focused drivers and commercial users. Furthermore, the transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) is expanding ECU optimization beyond internal combustion engines to include motor control, battery management, and regenerative braking systems. Despite these benefits, ECU remapping carries significant risks. Improper tuning may void manufacturer warranties, cause engine damage, increase emissions, and lead to legal non- compliance under stricter environmental regulations. Additionally, insurance premiums may rise for tuned vehicles due to altered risk profiles. Future trends point toward on-demand multi-map tuning, AI-driven adaptive optimization, cloud-based remote updates, and standardized legal frameworks to ensure safe, efficient, and eco-friendly practices. The integration of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies promises real-time, dynamic calibration of engine parameters, balancing performance, fuel economy, and emissions based on driving conditions. Overall, ECU remapping represents a transformative yet complex frontier in modern automotive engineering.
Abstract: This paper explores the techniques, benefits, risks, and future trends of Engine Control Unit (ECU) remapping and tuning in modern vehicles. ECU tuning has become a significant practice in both performance enhancement and efficiency optimization for internal combustion engines and, increasingly, electric powertrains. The study discusses key benefit...
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