Last years, the fastest development of personal computers and information systems has transformed the traditional primary and secondary education into a fully or hybrid digital education (Education 5.0). This was reinforced during the Covid-19 period, where all the students participated in classes through collaboration systems (Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Skype and many more). Students daily use various systems like eLearning platforms, plagiarism detection systems, e-encyclopedias, word/presentations/worksheets processing systems, AI Powered Tools etc. for preparing their homework and assignments. The advent of Artificial Intelligence in human’s lives by using some Natural Language Processing tools like ChatGPT, Bard, Bing AI and more, has affected education too. Artificial Intelligence has been widely applied in educational practices (Artificial Intelligence in Education; AIEd), such as intelligent tutoring systems, teaching robots, learning analytics dashboards, adaptive learning systems, human-computer interactions, etc. (Chen, Xie, & Hwang, 2020). Different Artificial Intelligence methodologies (Natural Language Processing, Neural Networks, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Big Data analytics and Genetic Algorithms) have been implemented to create smart learning environments for behavior detection, prediction model building, learning recommendation, etc. This special issue aims to explore the latest developments, challenges, and opportunities in the use of Artificial Intelligence in the Primary and Secondary Education. We invite original submissions of full research papers in the following topics but not limited to: