Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24

| Peer-Reviewed

Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo

Published in American Journal of Pediatrics (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 7 February 2020 Accepted: 27 February 2020 Published: 24 March 2020

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Background: Violence may be assimilated to actions or words that are intended to hurt. Youth violence includes a wide range of aggressive acts that may vary from bullying and physical fighting, to most serious forms such as homicide. Africa and Latin America are the continents where the highest rates of youth violence and homicide are reported. For many years in the past, media violence exposure alone was incriminated for children violence, but as time went on, it became clear that children violence is more of a resultant to a combination of factors contributing with varying degrees according to age, the intensity of exposure to a predisposing factor and the individual’s predisposition or susceptibility to violence. This review aims to present in simple and accessible terms the various aspects of children and adolescents’ violence. Epidemiological and psycho-pathophysiological aspects are described, with emphasis laid on the various risk factors and possible preventive measures. Method: A review based on past and recent publications treating the subject was done. The literature was screened, with relevant information critically analyzed. Results: The recurrent predictive factors for children and adolescents’ violence found in the literature are: the exposure to media and community violence, drug use and abuse, neuropsychiatric and psychological disorders that manifest or worsen with violence, and inadequate parenting models. These predisposing factors are underlined by some other determinants such as gender, genetic and individual factors, culture, poverty, and peer effect or companionship principally. Conclusion: Violence in children is determined by intrinsic factors such as the developmental stage or age, individual’s susceptibility or natural predisposition, and environmental factors such as media and community influences. The most essential of the preventive measures are based on the reduction of the various risk factors and their determinants which may be achieved by parental, scholar and governmental regulations.

Published in	American Journal of Pediatrics (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24
Page(s)	138-145
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Children, Adolescent, Youth, Violence

References

[1]	World report on violence and health: summary. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.
[2]	Ekeanyanwu NT, Peter A. Children, youths, and mediated violence: a reflective evaluation of some selected theoretical models. The Nigerian journal of communication. 2015; 12 (1): 50-70.
[3]	Browne KD, Hamilton-Giachritsis C. The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public health approach. Lancet 2005; 365: 702-10.
[4]	Baran S J, Davies D K. Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment, and future. 3rd Ed. Belmont, USA 2003; Thomson & Wadsworth.
[5]	Huesmann LR, Eron LD. Television and the Aggressive Child: A Cross-National Comparison. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum 1986.
[6]	Halliday-Boykins CA, and Graham S. At both ends of the gun: testing the relationship between community violence exposure and youth violent behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011; 29: 383–402.
[7]	Lynch M. Consequences of children’s exposure to community violence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2003; 6: 265–274.
[8]	Kersten L, Vriends N, Steppan1 M, Raschlel NM, Praetzlichl M, Oldenhof H, Vermeiren R et al. Community violence exposure and conduct problems in children and adolescents with conduct disorder and healthy controls. Front Behav NeuroSci. 2017; 11: 219.
[9]	Loeber R, Burke JD, Lahey BB, Winters A, Zera M (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39: 1468–1484.
[10]	Elliott DS. 1994 Serious violent offenders: onset, developmental course, and termination—The American Society of Criminology 1993 presidential address. Criminology. 1994; 32: 1–21.
[11]	Fikkers KM, Piotrowski JT, Valkenburg PM. A matter of style? Exploring the effects of parental mediation styles on early adolescents’ media violence exposure and aggression. Comput Human Behav. 2017; 70: 407-415.
[12]	Davies JJ, Gentile DA. Responses to children’s media use in families with and without siblings: A family development perspective. J Fam Relat. 2012; 61, 410-425.
[13]	Padilla-Walker LM, Coyne S M, Fraser AM, Dyer WJ, Yorgason JB. Parents and adolescents growing up in the digital age: Latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. J Adolesc. 2012; 35: 1153-1165.
[14]	Gentile DA, Walsh DA. A normative study of family media habits. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2002; 23: 157-178.
[15]	Nikken P, Jansz J. Parental mediation of children’s videogame playing: A comparison of the reports by parents and children. Learn Media Technol 2006; 31: 181-202.
[16]	Valkenburg PM, Krcmar M, Peeters A L, Marseille NM. Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation: “Instructive mediation”, “restrictive mediation,” and “social coviewing”. J Broadcast Electron Media. 1999; 43: 52-66.
[17]	Valkenburg PM, Piotrowski JT, Hermanns J, De Leeuw R. Developing and validating the perceived parental media mediation scale: A self-determination perspective. Hum Commun Res. 2013; 39: 445-469.
[18]	White SR, Rasmussen EE, King AJ. Restrictive mediation and unintended effects: Serial multiple mediation analysis explaining the role of reactance in US adolescents. J Child Media. 2015; 9: 510-527.
[19]	Nije Bijvank M, Konijn EA, Bushman BJ, Roelofsma PHMP. Age and violent-content labels make video games forbidden fruits for youth. Pediatrics. 2009; 123: 870-876.
[20]	Varava KA, Quick BL. Adolescents and movie ratings: Is psychological reactance a theoretical explanation for the forbidden fruit effect? J Broadcast Electron Media. 2015; 59: 149-168.
[21]	Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol. 2000; 55: 68-78.
[22]	Grusec J. Effects of co-observer evaluations on imitation: A developmental study. Dev Psychol. 1973; 8: 141.
[23]	Joussemet M, Landry R, Koestner R. A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Can Psychol. 2008; 49: 194-200.
[24]	American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4^th Edn, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2008.
[25]	Mrug S, Madan A, Windle M. Emotional desensitization to violence contributes to adolescents’ violent behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006; 44: 75–86.
[26]	Kempes M, Matthys W, de Vries H, Van Engeland H. Reactive and proactive aggression in children—a review of theory, findings and the relevance for child and adolescent psychiatry. Eur. Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005; 14: 11–19.
[27]	Blair RJ. A cognitive developmental approach to morality: investigating the psychopath. Cognition. 1995; 57: 1–29.
[28]	Blair R J. Applying a cognitive neuroscience perspective to the disorder of psychopathy Dev Psychopathol. 2005; 17: 865–891.
[29]	Pulkkinen L. Proactive and reactive aggression in early adolescence as precursors to anti-and prosocial behavior in young adults. Aggress. Behav. 1996; 22: 241–257.
[30]	Vitaro F, Gendreau PL, Tremblay RE, Oligny P. Reactive and proactive aggression differentially predict later conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998; 39: 377–385.
[31]	Raine A, Dodge K, Loeber R, Gatzke-Kopp L, Lynam D, Reynolds C, et al. The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggress Behav. 2006; 32: 159–171.
[32]	Dollard J, Miller N E, Doob L W, Mowrer O H, Sears R R. Frustration and Aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1939.
[33]	Bechara, A., Damasio, H., and Damasio, A. R. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex Cereb Cortex. 2000; 10: 295–307.
[34]	Blair R J, Cipolotti L. Impaired social response reversal: a case of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Brain 123, 1122–1141.
[35]	Fowler PJ, Tompsett CJ, Braciszewski JM, Jacques-Tiura AJ, Baltes BB. Community violence: a meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Dev Psychopathol. 2009; 21: 227–259.
[36]	Anderson M, Kaufman J, Simon T R, Barrios L, Paulozzi L, Ryan G, et al. School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994–1999. JAMA 2001; 286: 2695–2702.
[37]	Bandura A. Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1973.
[38]	Bandura A, Ross D, Ross SA. Vicarious reinforcement and imitative learning. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1963; 67: 601–7.
[39]	Rosenberry J, Vicker L A. Applied mass communication theory: A guide for media practitioners. Boston: Pearson. 2009.
[40]	Schwab-Stone M E, Ayers T S, Kasprow W, Voyce C, Barone C, Shriver T, et al. No safe haven: a study of violence exposure in an urban community. J Am Acad Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1995; 34: 1343–1352.
[41]	Buka SL, Stichick TL, Birdthistle I, Earls FJ. Youth exposure to violence: prevalence, risks, and consequences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2001; 71: 298–310.
[42]	Stein BD, Jaycox LH, Kataoka S, Rhodes HJ, Vestal KD. Prevalence of child and adolescent exposure to community violence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2003; 6: 247–264.
[43]	Hillis S, Mercy J, Amobi A, Kress H. Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics. 2006; 137: e20154079. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-4079.
[44]	Javdani S, Abdul-Adil J, Suarez L, Nichols S R, Farmer A D. Gender differences in the effects of community violence on mental health outcomes in a sample of low-income youth receiving psychiatric care. Am J Community Psychol. 2014; 53: 235–248.
[45]	Su Wei, Mrug S, Windle M. Social Cognitive and emotional mediators link violence exposure and parental nurturance to adolescent aggression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010; 39 (6): 10.1080/15374416.2010.517163.
[46]	Nathanson A I, Yang M S. The effects of mediation content and form on children’s responses to violent television. Hum Commun Res. 2003; 29: 111-134.
[47]	Rueve ME, Welton RS. Violence and mental illness. Psychiatry (edgmont). 2008; 5 (5): 34-48.
[48]	Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jönsson B, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011; 21: 655–679.
[49]	Belcher HME, Shinitzky HE. Substance abuse in children: prediction, protection, and prevention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998; 152: 952-960.
[50]	US Department of Health and Human Service. National High School Senior Survey. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991.
[51]	Johnston LD. Monitoring the future study. Ann Arbor, Mich: News info: 1997.
[52]	Advance Report of Final Mortality Statistics, 1989. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 1992; 8: 1-52. Vital and Health Statistics, No. 40.
[53]	Smith DE, Schwartz RH, Martin DM. Heavy cocaine use in adolescents. Pediatrics 1989; 83: 539-542.
[54]	Cornelius MD, Taylor PM, Geva D, Day NL. Prenatal tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents: effects of offspring gestational age, growth, and morphology. Pediatrics. 1995; 95: 738-743.
[55]	Zuckerman B, Amaro H, Beardslee W. Mental health of adolescent mothers: the implication of depression and drug use. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1987; 8: 111-116.
[56]	Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT. Alcohol misuse and adolescent sexual behaviors and risk taking. Pediatrics. 1996; 98: 91-96.
[57]	Wu TC, Tashkin DP, Djahed B, Rose JE. Pulmonary hazards of marijuana as compared to tobacco. N Engl J Med. 1988; 318: 347-351.
[58]	Partanen J, Bruun K, Markanen T. Inheritance of drinking behavior. Helsinki, Finland: Gound Alcohol Studies; 1966.
[59]	Comings DE. Genetic aspects of childhood behavioral disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1997; 27: 139-150.
[60]	Schuckit MA, Goodwin DA, Winokur G. A study of alcoholism in half siblings. Am J Psychiatry. 1972; 128: 1132-1136.
[61]	Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman JG. the dopamine D₂ receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorder. JAMA. 1991; 266: 1793-1799.
[62]	O’Malley PM, Johnston LD, Bachman JG. Adolescent substance use: epidemiology and implications for public policy. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1995; 42: 241-260.
[63]	Mc Mahon RL. Diagnosis assessment and treatment of externalizing problems in children: the role of longitudinal data. 1994; 62: 901-917.
[64]	Kramer J, Loney. Childhood hyperactivity and substance abuse: a review of the literature. In: Gadow KD, Bialer I, eds. Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities. Vol 1. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press; 1981.
[65]	Biedeman J, Faraone SV, Taylor A, Sienna M, Williamson S, Fine C. Diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD: findings from a longitudinal clinical sample. J Am Acad Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998; 37: 305-313.
[66]	Jessor R, Jessor SL. Problem behavior and psychological development; a longitudinal study of youth. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1977.
[67]	Kandel DB, Simcha-Fagan O, Davies M. Risk factors of delinquency and illicit drug use from adolescence to young adulthood. J Drug Issues. 1986; 16: 67-90.
[68]	National Institute on Drug Abuse: Drug use among racial/ethnic minorities 1995. Rockville, Md: National Institute of Drug Abuse; 1995. NIH publication No. 95-3888.
[69]	Crum RM, Lillie-Blanton M, Anthony JC. Neighborhood environment and opportunity to use cocaine and other drugs in late childhood and early adolescence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1996; 43: 155-161.
[70]	Smith GM, Fogg CP. Psychological predictors of early use, late use, and non-use of marijuana among teenage students. In: Kandel D B, ed. Longitudinal research and drug use. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1978: 101-113.
[71]	Block J, Block J, Keyes S. longitudinally foretelling drug use in adolescence: early child hood personality and environment precursors. Child Dev. 1988; 59: 336-355.
[72]	De Obaldia R, Parsons OA. Relationship of neuropsychological performance to primary alcoholism and self-reported symptoms of childhood minimal brain dysfunction. J Stud Alcohol. 1984; 45: 386-392.
[73]	Weisz JR, Kazdin AE. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents. 2nd Edn. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2010.
[74]	National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, Social Care Institute for Excellence. Antisocial Behavior and Conduct Disorders in Children and Young People: Recognition, Intervention and Management (Vol. NICE Clinical Guidelines No. 158). Leicester: The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists: RCPsych Publications. 2013.
[75]	Climent CE, de Aragon LV, Plutchik R. Prediction of risk factors for drug use in high school children. Int J Addict. 1990; 25: 545-556.
[76]	Wills TA, Vaccaro D, McNamara G. the role of life events, family support, and competence in adolescent substance abuse: a test of vulnerability and protective factors. Am J Community Psychol. 1992; 20: 349-374.
[77]	Brook JS, Nomura C, Cohen P. A network of influences on adolescent drug involvement: neighborhood, school, peer and family. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1984; 115: 125-145.
[78]	Rhodes J E, Jason L A. A social stress model of substance abuse. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990; 58: 395-401.
[79]	Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychol Bull. 1992; 112: 64-105.
[80]	Botvin GJ, Baker E, Dusenbury L, Tortu S, Botvin E. Preventing adolescent drug abuse through a multimodal cognitive-behavior approach: results of a three-year study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990; 58: 437-446.
[81]	Bangert-Drowns RL. The effects of school-based substance abuse education: a meta-analysis. J Drug Educ. 1988; 18: 243-264.
[82]	Tobler NS. Metaanalysis of adolescent drug prevention programs: results of the 1993 meta-analysis. In: Bukoski W J, ed. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series: Meta-analysis of Drug Prevention Programs Rock-Ville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1997: 5-68. NIH publication No. 97-4146.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo. (2020). Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories. American Journal of Pediatrics, 6(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo. Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories. Am. J. Pediatr. 2020, 6(2), 138-145. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo. Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories. Am J Pediatr. 2020;6(2):138-145. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24,
  author = {Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo},
  title = {Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories},
  journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {138-145},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20200602.24},
  abstract = {Background: Violence may be assimilated to actions or words that are intended to hurt. Youth violence includes a wide range of aggressive acts that may vary from bullying and physical fighting, to most serious forms such as homicide. Africa and Latin America are the continents where the highest rates of youth violence and homicide are reported. For many years in the past, media violence exposure alone was incriminated for children violence, but as time went on, it became clear that children violence is more of a resultant to a combination of factors contributing with varying degrees according to age, the intensity of exposure to a predisposing factor and the individual’s predisposition or susceptibility to violence. This review aims to present in simple and accessible terms the various aspects of children and adolescents’ violence. Epidemiological and psycho-pathophysiological aspects are described, with emphasis laid on the various risk factors and possible preventive measures. Method: A review based on past and recent publications treating the subject was done. The literature was screened, with relevant information critically analyzed. Results: The recurrent predictive factors for children and adolescents’ violence found in the literature are: the exposure to media and community violence, drug use and abuse, neuropsychiatric and psychological disorders that manifest or worsen with violence, and inadequate parenting models. These predisposing factors are underlined by some other determinants such as gender, genetic and individual factors, culture, poverty, and peer effect or companionship principally. Conclusion: Violence in children is determined by intrinsic factors such as the developmental stage or age, individual’s susceptibility or natural predisposition, and environmental factors such as media and community influences. The most essential of the preventive measures are based on the reduction of the various risk factors and their determinants which may be achieved by parental, scholar and governmental regulations.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories
AU  - Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo
Y1  - 2020/03/24
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24
T2  - American Journal of Pediatrics
JF  - American Journal of Pediatrics
JO  - American Journal of Pediatrics
SP  - 138
EP  - 145
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-0909
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24
AB  - Background: Violence may be assimilated to actions or words that are intended to hurt. Youth violence includes a wide range of aggressive acts that may vary from bullying and physical fighting, to most serious forms such as homicide. Africa and Latin America are the continents where the highest rates of youth violence and homicide are reported. For many years in the past, media violence exposure alone was incriminated for children violence, but as time went on, it became clear that children violence is more of a resultant to a combination of factors contributing with varying degrees according to age, the intensity of exposure to a predisposing factor and the individual’s predisposition or susceptibility to violence. This review aims to present in simple and accessible terms the various aspects of children and adolescents’ violence. Epidemiological and psycho-pathophysiological aspects are described, with emphasis laid on the various risk factors and possible preventive measures. Method: A review based on past and recent publications treating the subject was done. The literature was screened, with relevant information critically analyzed. Results: The recurrent predictive factors for children and adolescents’ violence found in the literature are: the exposure to media and community violence, drug use and abuse, neuropsychiatric and psychological disorders that manifest or worsen with violence, and inadequate parenting models. These predisposing factors are underlined by some other determinants such as gender, genetic and individual factors, culture, poverty, and peer effect or companionship principally. Conclusion: Violence in children is determined by intrinsic factors such as the developmental stage or age, individual’s susceptibility or natural predisposition, and environmental factors such as media and community influences. The most essential of the preventive measures are based on the reduction of the various risk factors and their determinants which may be achieved by parental, scholar and governmental regulations.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo. (2020). Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories. American Journal of Pediatrics, 6(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo. Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories. Am. J. Pediatr. 2020, 6(2), 138-145. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo. Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories. Am J Pediatr. 2020;6(2):138-145. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24,
  author = {Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo},
  title = {Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories},
  journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {138-145},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20200602.24},
  abstract = {Background: Violence may be assimilated to actions or words that are intended to hurt. Youth violence includes a wide range of aggressive acts that may vary from bullying and physical fighting, to most serious forms such as homicide. Africa and Latin America are the continents where the highest rates of youth violence and homicide are reported. For many years in the past, media violence exposure alone was incriminated for children violence, but as time went on, it became clear that children violence is more of a resultant to a combination of factors contributing with varying degrees according to age, the intensity of exposure to a predisposing factor and the individual’s predisposition or susceptibility to violence. This review aims to present in simple and accessible terms the various aspects of children and adolescents’ violence. Epidemiological and psycho-pathophysiological aspects are described, with emphasis laid on the various risk factors and possible preventive measures. Method: A review based on past and recent publications treating the subject was done. The literature was screened, with relevant information critically analyzed. Results: The recurrent predictive factors for children and adolescents’ violence found in the literature are: the exposure to media and community violence, drug use and abuse, neuropsychiatric and psychological disorders that manifest or worsen with violence, and inadequate parenting models. These predisposing factors are underlined by some other determinants such as gender, genetic and individual factors, culture, poverty, and peer effect or companionship principally. Conclusion: Violence in children is determined by intrinsic factors such as the developmental stage or age, individual’s susceptibility or natural predisposition, and environmental factors such as media and community influences. The most essential of the preventive measures are based on the reduction of the various risk factors and their determinants which may be achieved by parental, scholar and governmental regulations.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Children and Adolescents’ Violence: The Pattern and Determinants Beyond Psychological Theories
AU  - Georges Pius Kamsu Moyo
Y1  - 2020/03/24
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24
T2  - American Journal of Pediatrics
JF  - American Journal of Pediatrics
JO  - American Journal of Pediatrics
SP  - 138
EP  - 145
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-0909
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200602.24
AB  - Background: Violence may be assimilated to actions or words that are intended to hurt. Youth violence includes a wide range of aggressive acts that may vary from bullying and physical fighting, to most serious forms such as homicide. Africa and Latin America are the continents where the highest rates of youth violence and homicide are reported. For many years in the past, media violence exposure alone was incriminated for children violence, but as time went on, it became clear that children violence is more of a resultant to a combination of factors contributing with varying degrees according to age, the intensity of exposure to a predisposing factor and the individual’s predisposition or susceptibility to violence. This review aims to present in simple and accessible terms the various aspects of children and adolescents’ violence. Epidemiological and psycho-pathophysiological aspects are described, with emphasis laid on the various risk factors and possible preventive measures. Method: A review based on past and recent publications treating the subject was done. The literature was screened, with relevant information critically analyzed. Results: The recurrent predictive factors for children and adolescents’ violence found in the literature are: the exposure to media and community violence, drug use and abuse, neuropsychiatric and psychological disorders that manifest or worsen with violence, and inadequate parenting models. These predisposing factors are underlined by some other determinants such as gender, genetic and individual factors, culture, poverty, and peer effect or companionship principally. Conclusion: Violence in children is determined by intrinsic factors such as the developmental stage or age, individual’s susceptibility or natural predisposition, and environmental factors such as media and community influences. The most essential of the preventive measures are based on the reduction of the various risk factors and their determinants which may be achieved by parental, scholar and governmental regulations.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download