Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed

Gophen Moshe; Meron Moshe; Tsipris Yosef; Orlov-Levin Valerie; Peres Moti

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14

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Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed

Gophen Moshe, Meron Moshe, Tsipris Yosef, Orlov-Levin Valerie, Peres Moti

Published in American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 7, Issue 4)

Received: 24 November 2021 Accepted: 14 December 2021 Published: 24 December 2021

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Abstract

The Hula Valley which is part of the Lake Kinneret watershed (2730 km²) in northern Israel is part of the Syrian–African Great Rift Valley. During mid-1980`s-2017 changes in the climate condition (CCC) were recorded in the watershed: Dryness symptoms of rainfall and headwater river discharges have been declining and air temperature has been increasing. The most recent periodical dryness (drought) was recorded in 2014–2019. Although the Hula Valley comprises only about 10% of the entire drainage basin, it is a significant environmental regional component contributing pollutants which is utilized for agricultural cultivation and eco-tourism infrastructure. Until the late 1950s, this valley was covered by swampy wetlands and a shallow old Lake Hula of mean 1.5 m depth and 13 km² surface area. The valley was drained and converted for agricultural development. The objective of this paper is an evaluation of long-term record of the CCC consequences within the Hula Valley: Headwater discharges, precipitation, air temperature, underground water table (GWT), wind regime (velocity, direction), evaporation, relative humidity, and solar radiation. A partial of CCC within the Hula Valley was confirmed, mostly temperature increase, water deficiency, and ground water table (GWT) lowering. Results indicates that the impact of CCC threatened the optimal appropriate maintenance of the valley. Conclusive future perspectives of supplemental water supply from lake Kinneret to the Hula Valley combined with enhancement of desalinized sea water input into the lake that might improve Hula Valley management and the Kinneret water quality are discussed.

Published in	American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14
Page(s)	165-178
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Kinneret Watershed, Hula Valley, Climate Conditions Change

References

[1]	Gophen, M., and D. Levanon, (eds) 1993-2006 Hula Project, Annual Reports: Migal-Sientific Research Institute, Jewish National Fund (Keren Kayemet LeIsrael), US Forestry Service International Project, Israeli Water Authority. Gonen, E.(ed) 2007. Hula Project Annual Report, Jewish National Fund (Keren Kayemet LeIsrael) Migal-Scientific Research Institute and Israeli Water Authority, 133 p.
[2]	Barnea, I.(ed) 2008, Hula Project Annual Report, Jewish National Fund (Keren Kayemet LeIsrael) Migal-Scientific Research Institute and Israeli WaterAuthority159, p.
[3]	Barnea, I (ed) 2008-2018, Hula Project Annual Report, Jewish National Fund (Keren Kayemet LeIsrael) Migal-Scientific Research Institute and Israeli Water Authority.
[4]	Gophen, M., M. Meron, V. Orlov-Levin, & Y. Tsipris, (2014), Seasonal and spatial distribution of N & P substances in the Hula Valley (Israel) subterranean. Open Journal of Modern Hydrology; 4, 121-131. http://dx.doi.org./10.4236/ojmh.2014.44012.
[5]	Gophen, M, M. Meron, V. Levin-Orlov, Y. Tsipris, and M. Peres, Climate Change, Regional Water Balance and Land Use POlicy, in the Watershed of Lake Kinneret (Israel). Open Journal of Ecology, 10, 200-224, https//doi.org/10.4236/oje..2020.104014.
[6]	Geyfman, Y., M. Shaw, H. Dexter and F. Sarusi, 1987. The Kinneret Watershed Jordan and Headwaters loads investigation: 8 supplemental chapters; Mekorot Water Co. Ltd. Jordan District, Watershed Unit, Nazereth, 150 p.
[7]	Shepard, D. (1968). "A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data". Proceedings of the 1968 ACM National Conference. pp. 517–524. doi: 10.1145/800186.810616.
[8]	Givati, A., Goillaume, T., Rosenfeld, D., and Paz, D. 2019, Climate change impacts on streamflow at the upper Jordan River based on an ensemble of regional climate models; Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 21: 92-109; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.12.004.
[9]	Znovar Oved Gobi Ltd.: Shacham, G, H. Tsaban, Y. Avnimelech, and A. Ofer, 2011, Hula Project 2nd Stage, Development Program, Chapter: Opinion about Agricultural, Water consumption, Environmental and Touristic changes in the Hula Valley. Interim Report 31 p. (in Hebrew).
[10]	Gophen, M. Hydrology and Cranes (Grus grus) Attraction Partnership in the Management of the Hula Valley—Lake Kinneret Landscape. Hydrology 2021, 8, 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ hydrology8030114.
[11]	Gophen, M. 2020, The Impact of Climate Change on the River Jordan-Lake Kinneret (Israel) Ecosystem; Journal of Earth Science and Climatic Change; 105. DOI: 10.46715/jescc2020.1000105.
[12]	Gophen, M. 2021, Effects of Climate Conditions on TP Outsourcing in Lake Kinneret (Israel); Climate, 9, 142, pp 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli.9090142.
[13]	Neumann, J., and G. Stanhill. 1978. Chapter: The general meteorological background; in: Lake Kinneret Monographiae Biologicae, (C. Serruya ed.) Volume 32, Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers The Hague-Boston-London 1978. Pp 49-59.

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APA Style

Gophen Moshe, Meron Moshe, Tsipris Yosef, Orlov-Levin Valerie, Peres Moti. (2021). Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 7(4), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14

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ACS Style

Gophen Moshe; Meron Moshe; Tsipris Yosef; Orlov-Levin Valerie; Peres Moti. Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2021, 7(4), 165-178. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14

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AMA Style

Gophen Moshe, Meron Moshe, Tsipris Yosef, Orlov-Levin Valerie, Peres Moti. Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2021;7(4):165-178. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14,
  author = {Gophen Moshe and Meron Moshe and Tsipris Yosef and Orlov-Levin Valerie and Peres Moti},
  title = {Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {165-178},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20210704.14},
  abstract = {The Hula Valley which is part of the Lake Kinneret watershed (2730 km2) in northern Israel is part of the Syrian–African Great Rift Valley. During mid-1980`s-2017 changes in the climate condition (CCC) were recorded in the watershed: Dryness symptoms of rainfall and headwater river discharges have been declining and air temperature has been increasing. The most recent periodical dryness (drought) was recorded in 2014–2019. Although the Hula Valley comprises only about 10% of the entire drainage basin, it is a significant environmental regional component contributing pollutants which is utilized for agricultural cultivation and eco-tourism infrastructure. Until the late 1950s, this valley was covered by swampy wetlands and a shallow old Lake Hula of mean 1.5 m depth and 13 km2 surface area. The valley was drained and converted for agricultural development. The objective of this paper is an evaluation of long-term record of the CCC consequences within the Hula Valley: Headwater discharges, precipitation, air temperature, underground water table (GWT), wind regime (velocity, direction), evaporation, relative humidity, and solar radiation. A partial of CCC within the Hula Valley was confirmed, mostly temperature increase, water deficiency, and ground water table (GWT) lowering. Results indicates that the impact of CCC threatened the optimal appropriate maintenance of the valley. Conclusive future perspectives of supplemental water supply from lake Kinneret to the Hula Valley combined with enhancement of desalinized sea water input into the lake that might improve Hula Valley management and the Kinneret water quality are discussed.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed
AU  - Gophen Moshe
AU  - Meron Moshe
AU  - Tsipris Yosef
AU  - Orlov-Levin Valerie
AU  - Peres Moti
Y1  - 2021/12/24
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 165
EP  - 178
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14
AB  - The Hula Valley which is part of the Lake Kinneret watershed (2730 km2) in northern Israel is part of the Syrian–African Great Rift Valley. During mid-1980`s-2017 changes in the climate condition (CCC) were recorded in the watershed: Dryness symptoms of rainfall and headwater river discharges have been declining and air temperature has been increasing. The most recent periodical dryness (drought) was recorded in 2014–2019. Although the Hula Valley comprises only about 10% of the entire drainage basin, it is a significant environmental regional component contributing pollutants which is utilized for agricultural cultivation and eco-tourism infrastructure. Until the late 1950s, this valley was covered by swampy wetlands and a shallow old Lake Hula of mean 1.5 m depth and 13 km2 surface area. The valley was drained and converted for agricultural development. The objective of this paper is an evaluation of long-term record of the CCC consequences within the Hula Valley: Headwater discharges, precipitation, air temperature, underground water table (GWT), wind regime (velocity, direction), evaporation, relative humidity, and solar radiation. A partial of CCC within the Hula Valley was confirmed, mostly temperature increase, water deficiency, and ground water table (GWT) lowering. Results indicates that the impact of CCC threatened the optimal appropriate maintenance of the valley. Conclusive future perspectives of supplemental water supply from lake Kinneret to the Hula Valley combined with enhancement of desalinized sea water input into the lake that might improve Hula Valley management and the Kinneret water quality are discussed.
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Gophen Moshe

Migal-Scientific Research Institute, Kirya Shmone, Israel
Meron Moshe

Migal-Scientific Research Institute, Kirya Shmone, Israel
Tsipris Yosef

Migal-Scientific Research Institute, Kirya Shmone, Israel
Orlov-Levin Valerie

Migal-Scientific Research Institute, Kirya Shmone, Israel
Peres Moti

Migal-Scientific Research Institute, Kirya Shmone, Israel

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APA Style

Gophen Moshe, Meron Moshe, Tsipris Yosef, Orlov-Levin Valerie, Peres Moti. (2021). Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 7(4), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14

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ACS Style

Gophen Moshe; Meron Moshe; Tsipris Yosef; Orlov-Levin Valerie; Peres Moti. Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2021, 7(4), 165-178. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14

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AMA Style

Gophen Moshe, Meron Moshe, Tsipris Yosef, Orlov-Levin Valerie, Peres Moti. Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2021;7(4):165-178. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14,
  author = {Gophen Moshe and Meron Moshe and Tsipris Yosef and Orlov-Levin Valerie and Peres Moti},
  title = {Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {165-178},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20210704.14},
  abstract = {The Hula Valley which is part of the Lake Kinneret watershed (2730 km2) in northern Israel is part of the Syrian–African Great Rift Valley. During mid-1980`s-2017 changes in the climate condition (CCC) were recorded in the watershed: Dryness symptoms of rainfall and headwater river discharges have been declining and air temperature has been increasing. The most recent periodical dryness (drought) was recorded in 2014–2019. Although the Hula Valley comprises only about 10% of the entire drainage basin, it is a significant environmental regional component contributing pollutants which is utilized for agricultural cultivation and eco-tourism infrastructure. Until the late 1950s, this valley was covered by swampy wetlands and a shallow old Lake Hula of mean 1.5 m depth and 13 km2 surface area. The valley was drained and converted for agricultural development. The objective of this paper is an evaluation of long-term record of the CCC consequences within the Hula Valley: Headwater discharges, precipitation, air temperature, underground water table (GWT), wind regime (velocity, direction), evaporation, relative humidity, and solar radiation. A partial of CCC within the Hula Valley was confirmed, mostly temperature increase, water deficiency, and ground water table (GWT) lowering. Results indicates that the impact of CCC threatened the optimal appropriate maintenance of the valley. Conclusive future perspectives of supplemental water supply from lake Kinneret to the Hula Valley combined with enhancement of desalinized sea water input into the lake that might improve Hula Valley management and the Kinneret water quality are discussed.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ecological Consequences of Climate Condition Changes (CCC) in Lake Kinneret Watershed
AU  - Gophen Moshe
AU  - Meron Moshe
AU  - Tsipris Yosef
AU  - Orlov-Levin Valerie
AU  - Peres Moti
Y1  - 2021/12/24
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 165
EP  - 178
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210704.14
AB  - The Hula Valley which is part of the Lake Kinneret watershed (2730 km2) in northern Israel is part of the Syrian–African Great Rift Valley. During mid-1980`s-2017 changes in the climate condition (CCC) were recorded in the watershed: Dryness symptoms of rainfall and headwater river discharges have been declining and air temperature has been increasing. The most recent periodical dryness (drought) was recorded in 2014–2019. Although the Hula Valley comprises only about 10% of the entire drainage basin, it is a significant environmental regional component contributing pollutants which is utilized for agricultural cultivation and eco-tourism infrastructure. Until the late 1950s, this valley was covered by swampy wetlands and a shallow old Lake Hula of mean 1.5 m depth and 13 km2 surface area. The valley was drained and converted for agricultural development. The objective of this paper is an evaluation of long-term record of the CCC consequences within the Hula Valley: Headwater discharges, precipitation, air temperature, underground water table (GWT), wind regime (velocity, direction), evaporation, relative humidity, and solar radiation. A partial of CCC within the Hula Valley was confirmed, mostly temperature increase, water deficiency, and ground water table (GWT) lowering. Results indicates that the impact of CCC threatened the optimal appropriate maintenance of the valley. Conclusive future perspectives of supplemental water supply from lake Kinneret to the Hula Valley combined with enhancement of desalinized sea water input into the lake that might improve Hula Valley management and the Kinneret water quality are discussed.
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  -

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