Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

Onuorah Samuel; Ginika-Osuorji Joy; Odibo Frederick; Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

Onuorah Samuel, Ginika-Osuorji Joy, Odibo Frederick, Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo

Published in Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 5)

Received: 18 June 2017 Accepted: 28 June 2017 Published: 28 August 2017

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Abstract

Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.

Published in	Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
Page(s)	55-60
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bacteriological, Evaluation, Swimming Pools, Outdoor, Quality

References

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[2]	Kiyohara, N., Kobayakawa, Y., Lyman, H. and Osafune, T. Identification of bacterial flora in the swimming pools throughout the year. Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences. Vol. 51, No. 1, 1-9, 2009.
[3]	G. Nichols. Infection risks from water in natural and man-made environments. European Surveillance. Vol. 11, No 4, 76-78, 2006.
[4]	Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of parasites in fecal material from chlorinated swimming pools-United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Vol. 50, No 20, 410-412, 1999.
[5]	Benkel, D. H., McClure, E. M., Woolard, D., Rullan, J. V., Miller, G. B., Jenkins, S. R., Hershey, J. H., Benson, R. F., Pruckler, J. M., Brown, E. W., M. S. Kolczak, Hackler, R. L., Rouse, B. S. and Breiman, R. F. Outbreak of legionnaires’ disease associated with a display whirlpool spa. International Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 29, N 0.6, 2000.
[6]	Tate, D., Mawer, S. and Newton, A. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a swimming pool inflatable. Epidemiology and infection. Vol. 130, No. 2, 187-192, 2003.
[7]	Gbery, I P., Dieha, D., Yobouet, P., Aka, B. and Kanga, J. M. Atypical Mycobacterial skin infections. Sante. Vol. 6, No. 5, 317-322, 1996.
[8]	J. O Falkinham. Mycobacterial Aerosols and Respiratory Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 9, No. 7, 763-767, 2003.
[9]	Dale, K., Kirk, M., Sinclair, M., Hall, R. and Leder, K. Reported waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease in Australia are predominantly associated with recreational exposure. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. Vol. 34, No. 5, 527-530, 2010.
[10]	Brooks, G., Butel, J. S., Carroll, K. C., Morse, S. A., Mietzner. T. A., Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s. medical microbiology. McGraw Hill Medical. Pp 67-78, 2010.
[11]	Anyim, C., Nwuzo, A. C., Nworie, O., Oko, M. O. and Aga, M V. Evaluation of water quality used for drinking and swimming purposes in Ishiagu community, Ebonyi State. Journal of chemical, biological and physical Sciences. Vol. 3, No. 1, 581 – 587, 2013.
[12]	Onajobi, I. B., Okerentugba, P. O. and Oknko, I. O. physicochemical and Bacteriological studies of selected swimming pool water in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. Stem cell. Vol. 4, No. 4, 10-16, 2013.
[13]	Anake, W. U., Ehi - Eromosele, C. O., Siyanbola, T. O., Edoboh – Osoh, A., Adeniyi, I O. and Taiwo, O. S.. Physicochemical and microbial assessment of different water sources in Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research. Vol. 5, No. 7, 1797-1801, 2013.
[14]	Itah, A. Y. and Ekpombok, M, U. Pollution status of swimming pools in south -south zone of south-eastern Nigeria using microbiological and physicochemical indices. Southeast Asian journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. Vol. 35, No. 2, 488 – 493, 2004.

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APA Style

Onuorah Samuel, Ginika-Osuorji Joy, Odibo Frederick, Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. (2017). Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Central African Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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ACS Style

Onuorah Samuel; Ginika-Osuorji Joy; Odibo Frederick; Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2017, 3(5), 55-60. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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AMA Style

Onuorah Samuel, Ginika-Osuorji Joy, Odibo Frederick, Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2017;3(5):55-60. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11,
  author = {Onuorah Samuel and Ginika-Osuorji Joy and Odibo Frederick and Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo},
  title = {Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {55-60},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20170305.11},
  abstract = {Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
AU  - Onuorah Samuel
AU  - Ginika-Osuorji Joy
AU  - Odibo Frederick
AU  - Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo
Y1  - 2017/08/28
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
T2  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
SP  - 55
EP  - 60
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5781
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
AB  - Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Onuorah Samuel

Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Ginika-Osuorji Joy

Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Odibo Frederick

Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo

Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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APA Style

Onuorah Samuel, Ginika-Osuorji Joy, Odibo Frederick, Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. (2017). Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Central African Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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ACS Style

Onuorah Samuel; Ginika-Osuorji Joy; Odibo Frederick; Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2017, 3(5), 55-60. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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AMA Style

Onuorah Samuel, Ginika-Osuorji Joy, Odibo Frederick, Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo. Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2017;3(5):55-60. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11

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@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11,
  author = {Onuorah Samuel and Ginika-Osuorji Joy and Odibo Frederick and Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo},
  title = {Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {55-60},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20170305.11},
  abstract = {Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
AU  - Onuorah Samuel
AU  - Ginika-Osuorji Joy
AU  - Odibo Frederick
AU  - Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo
Y1  - 2017/08/28
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
T2  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
SP  - 55
EP  - 60
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5781
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20170305.11
AB  - Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
ER  -

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