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Evaluation of the Bacteriological Quality of Outdoor Public Swimming Pools in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Onuorah Samuel,
Ginika-Osuorji Joy,
Odibo Frederick,
Ojiagu Nnenna Chinelo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2017
Pages:
55-60
Received:
18 June 2017
Accepted:
28 June 2017
Published:
28 August 2017
Abstract: Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after use respectively was 10-160 cfu/ml and 100-280 cfu/ml; total coliform count, 3-87 cfu/100ml and 40-120 cfu/100ml; Staphylococcal count, 0-70 cfu/ml and 0-169 cfu/ml while faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas were not detected in the samples. The bacteria were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus licheniformis Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in majority of the samples before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhi were each detected in one sample only before and after use. Klebsiella pneumoniae also had the highest occurence of 25.0% and 17.1% before and after use while Bacillus licheniformis had the lowest occurrence of 4.8% and 7.3% before and after use. None of the pools met the World Health Organization standard for coliforms therefore adequate and frequent treatment as well as regular bacteriological analyses of such pools are recommended.
Abstract: Fifteen outdoor public swimming pools in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically before and after use by bathers to determine their suitability for bathing purposes. The total bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Staphylococcal and Pseudomonas counts were carried out using standard methods. The total bacterial count before and after us...
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Progress Towards TB Elimination: An Eight-Year Retrospective Analysis of Key Performance Indicators for TB Control in Plateau State, Nigeria, 2016
Luka Mangveep Ibrahim,
Gonen Mato Lakda,
Samuel Ogiri,
Phillip Patrobas,
Danjuma Maku Aboki
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2017
Pages:
61-67
Received:
12 July 2017
Accepted:
28 July 2017
Published:
6 September 2017
Abstract: Tuberculosis is a major public health concern in Nigeria. It had been targeted for elimination using the directly observed treatment short Couse strategy. Plateau state started implementing the strategy since 2001. The key performance indicators towards achieving elimination targets was evaluated. Data from the routine surveillance records and reports from 2008 to 2015 were extracted. Patients’ enrollment, sputum conversion, treatment outcomes and TB/HIV co-infection was analyzed using epiInfo software. Of the 23,532 registered cases, only 34% were new sputum smear positive. The introduction of XpertMTB/Rif technology in 2013 increased the proportion of patient with pulmonary TB diagnosed bacteriologically by 11%. Majority (89%) of the smear positive cases were in the productive age group of 15 – 54 years. TB/HIV co-infection was 39.6%, with more female than male (OR 2.41, 95% CI: 2.22 – 2.63). The cured rate increased from 57.3% in 2008 to 70.1% in 2014. The overall treatment success and death rates were 83.0% and 6.6% respectively. Deaths and treatment failure rates were lower among new pulmonary smear positive patients (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.52 – 0.88 and OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.29 – 0.77) respectively. The deaths were higher among TB/HIV compared to HIV negative patients (OR 2.23, 95%: 1.84 – 2.70). Despites the improvements in the performance indicators, the state is yet to achieve the elimination targets. Expansion of the use of Xpert technology, Community awareness, patient education and prompt defaulter retrieval will ensure early detection and enrollment of cases, improve quality of diagnosis and outcomes of TB treatment in the state.
Abstract: Tuberculosis is a major public health concern in Nigeria. It had been targeted for elimination using the directly observed treatment short Couse strategy. Plateau state started implementing the strategy since 2001. The key performance indicators towards achieving elimination targets was evaluated. Data from the routine surveillance records and repo...
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Risk Factors for Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Health District of Thies, Senegal
Kamadore Touré,
Diop Moustapha,
Ousmane Junior Dieng,
Mamadou Ndiaye,
Diallo Abdoulaye,
Fatou Seck,
Madoky Maguatte Diop,
Adama Berthé,
Pape Souleymane Touré,
Sylvie Audrey Diop,
Teri Lawson,
Bernard Marcel Diop,
Mamadou Mourtala Ka
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2017
Pages:
68-72
Received:
11 June 2017
Accepted:
11 July 2017
Published:
26 September 2017
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is a national health priority in African countries particularly pulmonary form. But Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) is increasing with less consideration for the governments. However, it has a negative impact in the social, economic and sanitary context. Few studies on the disease have been conducted in the African continent. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of Extrapulmonary TB in the Health District of Thies, a Senegalese province. Through a retrospective study, we collected data of all cases of TB admitted at the TB Division of the Health District of Thies, Senegal from January 2012 to December 2014. Sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, past medical history, lifestyles, the type of TB (pulmonary or extrapulmonary), the treatment regimen and the prognosis was evaluated. Uni, bi and multivariate analysis were done and results expressed with a 95% confidence interval. On average, 824 patients with TB were included. They were mostly male (68.4%), jobless (62.9%), not married (58.9%) with a mean age of 33.3 years (±14.3). They had in their past medical history a notion of TB contamination (30.1%), BCG vaccination (96.5%), hypertension (4.6%), diabetes (2.7%), HIV infection (1.7%), smoking (11.5%) and alcohol consumption (2.8%). Hundred and Five patients (12.7% with CI 95%: 10.7% - 14.7%) had EPTB of pleural (56.2%), lymphatic (12.4%), bone (9.5%) and gastrointestinal (9.5%) localization mainly. Age, notion of contact with patient, employment and HIV infection were associated independently to EPTB. It is important de take into consideration these results to strengthen primary prevention strategies.
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is a national health priority in African countries particularly pulmonary form. But Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) is increasing with less consideration for the governments. However, it has a negative impact in the social, economic and sanitary context. Few studies on the disease have been conducted in the African continent. The objecti...
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Evaluation of Antenatal Care Screening According to the National Recommendations in Senegal
Aïcha Marceline Sarr,
Kamadore Toure,
Pascale Ondoa,
Winny Koster,
Adja Khady Datt-Fall,
Oulimata Diémé,
Ahmad Iyane Sow
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2017
Pages:
73-79
Received:
18 August 2017
Accepted:
4 September 2017
Published:
5 October 2017
Abstract: In the fight against maternal and infant mortality, Senegal has defined screening tests guidelines for antenatal care. A minimal list of six (6) tests should be requested during the first ANC visit. To contribute to the reduction of maternal mortality in Senegal, we conducted a study to evaluate, this practice in health facilities, taking into account the national guidelines in order to formulate recommendations. The study was conducted in 16 health peripheral facilities. We collected data on tests requested, pregnant age, pregnancy age, gestity, midwives monthly salary, midwives number, type of structure (Hospital and Health Center), regions (capital and others), and the availability of guidelines. The quantitative data were collected from 1692 pregnant women, 61 midwives and 16 financial managers with appropriate tools, from February 2013 to July 2014. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel versions 2013 and Open Clinica and then exploited and analyzed in SPSS version 20. Univariate and bivariate analyses were computed. Only 49.2% of pregnant women have received the 6 recommended tests. Requested tests were Syphilis (96%), Blood group (90%), Emmel Test for sickle cell anemia (90%), Hemogram (81%), HIV serology (78%) and Protein urine test (67%). Factors associated with guidelines adherence were: (i) first antenatal visit (p <0.001), (ii) midwives monthly salary (R=-0,232), and (iii) regions type (p<0.001). It is important to take into account these results. For a better antenatal care, we recommend to train and motivate midwives on the national guidelines, in Senegal, and to sensitize childbearing about the importance of tests.
Abstract: In the fight against maternal and infant mortality, Senegal has defined screening tests guidelines for antenatal care. A minimal list of six (6) tests should be requested during the first ANC visit. To contribute to the reduction of maternal mortality in Senegal, we conducted a study to evaluate, this practice in health facilities, taking into accou...
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Factors Behind the Preference in Contraceptives Use Among Non-pregnant and Sexually Active Women in Benin Republic
Justin Dansou,
Adeyemi O. Adekunle,
Ayodele O. Arowojolu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2017
Pages:
80-89
Received:
1 April 2017
Accepted:
20 June 2017
Published:
10 October 2017
Abstract: Despite the amounting interest in improving access to and utilization of family planning methods, contraceptives prevalence rates remain low in Benin Republic. Rates of increase in contraceptives’ prevalence are low and underlying risk factors for use and non-use are not well known. This study investigates similarities and differences in factors associated to contraceptive use by type of method among 6,237 women recruited in 2011/2012 BDHS data using multiple logistic regression models. Most women (78.9%) involved in the current study did not use any contraceptive during their last sexual activity, 13.6% were currently using modern contraceptive methods and 7.8% was using traditional contraceptive methods. Significant covariates for modern contraceptive use were: female education, discussion about FP, number of living children, fertility preference, marital status, household wealth index, sex of household head, religious membership, and the area of residence. Concerning traditional methods use, they were: women’s ethnic background, discussion about FP, fertility preference and household wealth index. To improve contraceptives usage especially modern contraceptives, findings suggest, among other: fighting against sociocultural barriers; ensuring female’s formal education till secondary; encouraging good health behaviours (ANC follow-up, institutional delivery by skilled attendant, enhancing PNC visits) for women during childbirth and to increase FP education during those check-ups.
Abstract: Despite the amounting interest in improving access to and utilization of family planning methods, contraceptives prevalence rates remain low in Benin Republic. Rates of increase in contraceptives’ prevalence are low and underlying risk factors for use and non-use are not well known. This study investigates similarities and differences in factors as...
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