A Critical and Systematic Review of <i>Lymphatic filariasis</i> (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim; Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret; Iyiola Vivian Ogechi; Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11

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A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim, Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret, Iyiola Vivian Ogechi, Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye

Published in International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 20 June 2021 Accepted: 30 June 2021 Published: 9 July 2021

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Abstract

The objective of the study is to carry out a critical and systematic review of Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) as one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) that affects negatively agricultural activities in the world. It is also to remind people of existence of the disease, create awareness for its prevention and elimination. This effort could go a long way to averting unnecessary suffering, save production work force and aid in poverty alleviation in the tropics. Lymphatic filariasis happens when infested mosquito bites humans to transmit filarial parasites. The parasites cause blockages in the lymphatic system that stops or inhibits the return of fluids to the circulatory system. This results in fluid accumulation in the tissues (legs, hands (arms), breast and scrotums), causing swellings and periodic fevers with frequent fungal and bacterial infections. Lymphatic filariasis is one of the leading causes of permanent and long-term disability in tropical countries of the world. It affects all classes of people irrespective of age, gender, race, educational and economic status. This disease reduces the production capacities of infected individuals especially in the area of agro-allied businesses worldwide. The time and resources wasted for the treatment and management of the infection affect food production negatively. There are about 1.1 billion people in 80 countries at risk of contracting this disease while 120 million people are infected globally. The disease is a serious life threatening with negative consequence on drivers of the economy. The patients are not only physically disabled, but also suffer psychological, social and financial crisis in addition to trauma from stigma and poverty. It is worthy to note that, the local cure of Lymphatic filariasis has been found and now available at Kwargashe Village, Lala District, Gombi Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Published in	International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11
Page(s)	13-17
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lymphatic filariasis, Neglected Tropical Disease, Prevention, Elimination, Agriculture

References

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[2]	CDC (2018). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
[3]	Murrell, D. (2018). Medically reviewed by Daniel Murrell, M.D. — Written by Jayne Leonard on May 14, 2018.
[4]	WebMD (2020). WebMD Medical Reference. Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on June 14, 2020.
[5]	WHO (2021). World Health Organization publishes materials that aim to provide high-quality care to people affected by lymphatic filariasis, 5 March, 2021.
[6]	William, M. (2019). Medically reviewed by William Morrison, M.D. Written by Lana Bandoim. Updated on April 16, 2019.
[7]	Gloviczki, P. (1995). The management of Lymphatic disorders. In Rutherford RB (ed.). Vascular surgery (4th ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders. pp. 1883–1945.
[8]	Pfarr, K. M., Debrah, A. Y., Specht, S., & Hoerauf, A. (2009). Filariasis and lymphoedema. Parasite Immunology. 31 (11), 664–72.
[9]	WHO (2010). World Health Organization. Progress report 2000-2009 and strategic plan 2010-2020 of the global programme to eliminate Lymphatic filariasis: halfway towards eliminating Lymphatic filariasis.
[10]	WHO (2020). World Health Organization. Lymphatic filiarsis: reporting continued progress towards elimination as a public health problem.
[11]	Ottesen, E. A., Hooper, P. J., Bradley, M., & Biswas, G. (2008). The global programme to eliminate Lymphatic filariasis: health impact after 8 years. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2 (10), 317.
[12]	WHO (2017). World Health Organization. Congratulations, Tonga! Pacific island state eliminates Lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem.
[13]	CDC (2013). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites -Lymphatic Filariasis Diagnosis, 14 June 2013.
[14]	CDC (2010). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lymphatic Filariasis.
[15]	CDC (2008). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lymphatic Filariasis.
[16]	WHO (2014). World Health Organization. Lymphatic filariasis Fact sheet Number 102 March 2014.
[17]	CDC (2016). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lymphatic Filariasis.
[18]	CC (2008). The Carter Center. Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program.
[19]	WHO (2021). World Health Organization. Lymphatic filariasis.
[20]	WHO (2016). World Health Organization. Lymphatic filariasis.
[21]	BBC (2010). BBC News. End in sight for elephantiasis, 8 October 2008.
[22]	GBD (2015). Global Burden of Disease. Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Lancet. 388 (10053), 1545–1602.
[23]	Carlson, E. (2013). Taking the 'Bite' Out of Vector-Borne Diseases - Inside Life Science Series - National Institute of General Medical Sciences.

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Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim, Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret, Iyiola Vivian Ogechi, Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye. (2021). A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World. International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 9(2), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11

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ACS Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim; Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret; Iyiola Vivian Ogechi; Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye. A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World. Int. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2021, 9(2), 13-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11

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AMA Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim, Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret, Iyiola Vivian Ogechi, Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye. A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World. Int J Biomed Mater Res. 2021;9(2):13-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11,
  author = {Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim and Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret and Iyiola Vivian Ogechi and Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye},
  title = {A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World},
  journal = {International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {13-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbmr.20210902.11},
  abstract = {The objective of the study is to carry out a critical and systematic review of Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) as one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) that affects negatively agricultural activities in the world. It is also to remind people of existence of the disease, create awareness for its prevention and elimination. This effort could go a long way to averting unnecessary suffering, save production work force and aid in poverty alleviation in the tropics. Lymphatic filariasis happens when infested mosquito bites humans to transmit filarial parasites. The parasites cause blockages in the lymphatic system that stops or inhibits the return of fluids to the circulatory system. This results in fluid accumulation in the tissues (legs, hands (arms), breast and scrotums), causing swellings and periodic fevers with frequent fungal and bacterial infections. Lymphatic filariasis is one of the leading causes of permanent and long-term disability in tropical countries of the world. It affects all classes of people irrespective of age, gender, race, educational and economic status. This disease reduces the production capacities of infected individuals especially in the area of agro-allied businesses worldwide. The time and resources wasted for the treatment and management of the infection affect food production negatively. There are about 1.1 billion people in 80 countries at risk of contracting this disease while 120 million people are infected globally. The disease is a serious life threatening with negative consequence on drivers of the economy. The patients are not only physically disabled, but also suffer psychological, social and financial crisis in addition to trauma from stigma and poverty. It is worthy to note that, the local cure of Lymphatic filariasis has been found and now available at Kwargashe Village, Lala District, Gombi Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World
AU - Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim
AU - Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret
AU - Iyiola Vivian Ogechi
AU - Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye
Y1 - 2021/07/09
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11
DO - 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11
T2 - International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
JF - International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
JO - International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
SP - 13
EP - 17
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-7579
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11
AB - The objective of the study is to carry out a critical and systematic review of Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) as one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) that affects negatively agricultural activities in the world. It is also to remind people of existence of the disease, create awareness for its prevention and elimination. This effort could go a long way to averting unnecessary suffering, save production work force and aid in poverty alleviation in the tropics. Lymphatic filariasis happens when infested mosquito bites humans to transmit filarial parasites. The parasites cause blockages in the lymphatic system that stops or inhibits the return of fluids to the circulatory system. This results in fluid accumulation in the tissues (legs, hands (arms), breast and scrotums), causing swellings and periodic fevers with frequent fungal and bacterial infections. Lymphatic filariasis is one of the leading causes of permanent and long-term disability in tropical countries of the world. It affects all classes of people irrespective of age, gender, race, educational and economic status. This disease reduces the production capacities of infected individuals especially in the area of agro-allied businesses worldwide. The time and resources wasted for the treatment and management of the infection affect food production negatively. There are about 1.1 billion people in 80 countries at risk of contracting this disease while 120 million people are infected globally. The disease is a serious life threatening with negative consequence on drivers of the economy. The patients are not only physically disabled, but also suffer psychological, social and financial crisis in addition to trauma from stigma and poverty. It is worthy to note that, the local cure of Lymphatic filariasis has been found and now available at Kwargashe Village, Lala District, Gombi Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria.
VL - 9
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim

Department of Fisheries Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, Nigeria
Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret

Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Animal Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
Iyiola Vivian Ogechi

Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria
Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye

Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

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APA Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim, Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret, Iyiola Vivian Ogechi, Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye. (2021). A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World. International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 9(2), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11

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ACS Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim; Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret; Iyiola Vivian Ogechi; Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye. A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World. Int. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2021, 9(2), 13-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11

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AMA Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim, Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret, Iyiola Vivian Ogechi, Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye. A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World. Int J Biomed Mater Res. 2021;9(2):13-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11,
  author = {Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim and Kenneth-Chukwu Oluchi Margret and Iyiola Vivian Ogechi and Anyanwu Vivian Chinenye},
  title = {A Critical and Systematic Review of Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis): A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) That Affects Negatively Agricultural Activities Across the World},
  journal = {International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {13-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20210902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbmr.20210902.11},
  abstract = {The objective of the study is to carry out a critical and systematic review of Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) as one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) that affects negatively agricultural activities in the world. It is also to remind people of existence of the disease, create awareness for its prevention and elimination. This effort could go a long way to averting unnecessary suffering, save production work force and aid in poverty alleviation in the tropics. Lymphatic filariasis happens when infested mosquito bites humans to transmit filarial parasites. The parasites cause blockages in the lymphatic system that stops or inhibits the return of fluids to the circulatory system. This results in fluid accumulation in the tissues (legs, hands (arms), breast and scrotums), causing swellings and periodic fevers with frequent fungal and bacterial infections. Lymphatic filariasis is one of the leading causes of permanent and long-term disability in tropical countries of the world. It affects all classes of people irrespective of age, gender, race, educational and economic status. This disease reduces the production capacities of infected individuals especially in the area of agro-allied businesses worldwide. The time and resources wasted for the treatment and management of the infection affect food production negatively. There are about 1.1 billion people in 80 countries at risk of contracting this disease while 120 million people are infected globally. The disease is a serious life threatening with negative consequence on drivers of the economy. The patients are not only physically disabled, but also suffer psychological, social and financial crisis in addition to trauma from stigma and poverty. It is worthy to note that, the local cure of Lymphatic filariasis has been found and now available at Kwargashe Village, Lala District, Gombi Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria.},
 year = {2021}
}

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