Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm <i>Eisenia andrei</i>

Zohra Omouri; Jalal Hawari; Michel Fournier; Pierre Yves Robidoux

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15

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Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei

Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux

Published in International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 2, Issue 3)

Received: 30 May 2017 Accepted: 3 July 2017 Published: 9 August 2017

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Abstract

Bismuth (Bi) is increasingly used in several industrial applications including the production of alloys, drugs, cosmetics and munitions formulations. However, little information is available on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Bi. The present study describes 14 days acute toxicity of Bi, added as Bi citrate to a natural sandy soil, to the adult earthworm Eisenia andrei. Total measured Bi concentrations were 298.0, 399.5, 431.0, and 469.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil. Data indicates that Bi was toxic to Eisenia andrei, as determined by LC₅₀ and LOEC, i.e., 416.0 and 399.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil, respectively. At 14 days in the presence of Eisenia andrei the bioaccessible fraction of Bi in soil, as determined in KNO₃ aqueous soil extracts, increased by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 30.0 compared to those measured at the beginning of experiment. Moreover, this study shows that an increase in pH caused by the presence of earthworm in soil was accompanied by increase in Bi bioaccessibility and consequently toxicity. For example, when Bi bioaccessibility increased from 0.262 to 7.516 mg Bi/kg dry soil, the mortality rate increased from 0 to 79%. Assuming that there were at least two routes by which Eisania andrei enhanced Bi bioaccessibility; one route was guided by the mobility, the biochemical (mucus) and the biological (bacteria) interactions of Eisenia andrei with soil constituents, and the other route was marked by the death of earthworms and the release of the accumulated Bi from the carcass.

Published in	International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 2, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15
Page(s)	125-133
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bismuth, Bioaccessibility, Soil, Acute Toxicity, Eisenia andrei

References

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Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux. (2017). Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 2(3), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15

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ACS Style

Zohra Omouri; Jalal Hawari; Michel Fournier; Pierre Yves Robidoux. Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2017, 2(3), 125-133. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15

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AMA Style

Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux. Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2017;2(3):125-133. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15,
  author = {Zohra Omouri and Jalal Hawari and Michel Fournier and Pierre Yves Robidoux},
  title = {Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {125-133},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20170203.15},
  abstract = {Bismuth (Bi) is increasingly used in several industrial applications including the production of alloys, drugs, cosmetics and munitions formulations. However, little information is available on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Bi. The present study describes 14 days acute toxicity of Bi, added as Bi citrate to a natural sandy soil, to the adult earthworm Eisenia andrei. Total measured Bi concentrations were 298.0, 399.5, 431.0, and 469.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil. Data indicates that Bi was toxic to Eisenia andrei, as determined by LC50 and LOEC, i.e., 416.0 and 399.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil, respectively. At 14 days in the presence of Eisenia andrei the bioaccessible fraction of Bi in soil, as determined in KNO3 aqueous soil extracts, increased by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 30.0 compared to those measured at the beginning of experiment. Moreover, this study shows that an increase in pH caused by the presence of earthworm in soil was accompanied by increase in Bi bioaccessibility and consequently toxicity. For example, when Bi bioaccessibility increased from 0.262 to 7.516 mg Bi/kg dry soil, the mortality rate increased from 0 to 79%. Assuming that there were at least two routes by which Eisania andrei enhanced Bi bioaccessibility; one route was guided by the mobility, the biochemical (mucus) and the biological (bacteria) interactions of Eisenia andrei with soil constituents, and the other route was marked by the death of earthworms and the release of the accumulated Bi from the carcass.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei
AU  - Zohra Omouri
AU  - Jalal Hawari
AU  - Michel Fournier
AU  - Pierre Yves Robidoux
Y1  - 2017/08/09
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15
T2  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JF  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JO  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
SP  - 125
EP  - 133
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1735
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15
AB  - Bismuth (Bi) is increasingly used in several industrial applications including the production of alloys, drugs, cosmetics and munitions formulations. However, little information is available on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Bi. The present study describes 14 days acute toxicity of Bi, added as Bi citrate to a natural sandy soil, to the adult earthworm Eisenia andrei. Total measured Bi concentrations were 298.0, 399.5, 431.0, and 469.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil. Data indicates that Bi was toxic to Eisenia andrei, as determined by LC50 and LOEC, i.e., 416.0 and 399.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil, respectively. At 14 days in the presence of Eisenia andrei the bioaccessible fraction of Bi in soil, as determined in KNO3 aqueous soil extracts, increased by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 30.0 compared to those measured at the beginning of experiment. Moreover, this study shows that an increase in pH caused by the presence of earthworm in soil was accompanied by increase in Bi bioaccessibility and consequently toxicity. For example, when Bi bioaccessibility increased from 0.262 to 7.516 mg Bi/kg dry soil, the mortality rate increased from 0 to 79%. Assuming that there were at least two routes by which Eisania andrei enhanced Bi bioaccessibility; one route was guided by the mobility, the biochemical (mucus) and the biological (bacteria) interactions of Eisenia andrei with soil constituents, and the other route was marked by the death of earthworms and the release of the accumulated Bi from the carcass.
VL  - 2
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Zohra Omouri

INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Canada
Jalal Hawari

Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnic Montreal, Montreal, Canada
Michel Fournier

INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Laval, Canada
Pierre Yves Robidoux

National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Canada

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Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux. (2017). Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 2(3), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15

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ACS Style

Zohra Omouri; Jalal Hawari; Michel Fournier; Pierre Yves Robidoux. Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2017, 2(3), 125-133. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15

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AMA Style

Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux. Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2017;2(3):125-133. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15,
  author = {Zohra Omouri and Jalal Hawari and Michel Fournier and Pierre Yves Robidoux},
  title = {Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {125-133},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20170203.15},
  abstract = {Bismuth (Bi) is increasingly used in several industrial applications including the production of alloys, drugs, cosmetics and munitions formulations. However, little information is available on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Bi. The present study describes 14 days acute toxicity of Bi, added as Bi citrate to a natural sandy soil, to the adult earthworm Eisenia andrei. Total measured Bi concentrations were 298.0, 399.5, 431.0, and 469.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil. Data indicates that Bi was toxic to Eisenia andrei, as determined by LC50 and LOEC, i.e., 416.0 and 399.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil, respectively. At 14 days in the presence of Eisenia andrei the bioaccessible fraction of Bi in soil, as determined in KNO3 aqueous soil extracts, increased by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 30.0 compared to those measured at the beginning of experiment. Moreover, this study shows that an increase in pH caused by the presence of earthworm in soil was accompanied by increase in Bi bioaccessibility and consequently toxicity. For example, when Bi bioaccessibility increased from 0.262 to 7.516 mg Bi/kg dry soil, the mortality rate increased from 0 to 79%. Assuming that there were at least two routes by which Eisania andrei enhanced Bi bioaccessibility; one route was guided by the mobility, the biochemical (mucus) and the biological (bacteria) interactions of Eisenia andrei with soil constituents, and the other route was marked by the death of earthworms and the release of the accumulated Bi from the carcass.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei
AU  - Zohra Omouri
AU  - Jalal Hawari
AU  - Michel Fournier
AU  - Pierre Yves Robidoux
Y1  - 2017/08/09
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15
T2  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JF  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JO  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
SP  - 125
EP  - 133
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1735
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20170203.15
AB  - Bismuth (Bi) is increasingly used in several industrial applications including the production of alloys, drugs, cosmetics and munitions formulations. However, little information is available on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Bi. The present study describes 14 days acute toxicity of Bi, added as Bi citrate to a natural sandy soil, to the adult earthworm Eisenia andrei. Total measured Bi concentrations were 298.0, 399.5, 431.0, and 469.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil. Data indicates that Bi was toxic to Eisenia andrei, as determined by LC50 and LOEC, i.e., 416.0 and 399.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil, respectively. At 14 days in the presence of Eisenia andrei the bioaccessible fraction of Bi in soil, as determined in KNO3 aqueous soil extracts, increased by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 30.0 compared to those measured at the beginning of experiment. Moreover, this study shows that an increase in pH caused by the presence of earthworm in soil was accompanied by increase in Bi bioaccessibility and consequently toxicity. For example, when Bi bioaccessibility increased from 0.262 to 7.516 mg Bi/kg dry soil, the mortality rate increased from 0 to 79%. Assuming that there were at least two routes by which Eisania andrei enhanced Bi bioaccessibility; one route was guided by the mobility, the biochemical (mucus) and the biological (bacteria) interactions of Eisenia andrei with soil constituents, and the other route was marked by the death of earthworms and the release of the accumulated Bi from the carcass.
VL  - 2
IS  - 3
ER  -

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