Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era

Anjana Somanath; Rathinam Sivakumar; Radhika Thundikandy; Vedhanayaki Rajesh

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12

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Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era

Anjana Somanath, Rathinam Sivakumar, Radhika Thundikandy, Vedhanayaki Rajesh

Published in International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 5 April 2020 Accepted: 27 April 2020 Published: 28 May 2020

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Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus infection causes a wide range of ocular manifestations. It is a growing concern in the developing countries. Now, the government provides the highly active antiretroviral therapy free of cost. But ocular manifestations continue to arise in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Hence a comparitive analysis of the disease pattern is important in assessing the ocular manifestations in the pre–HAART and HAART era. The aim of this retrospective series is to analyse the ocular manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients in the pre-HAART and HAART era This retrospective study includes Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive patients from the pre-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) (1995-2000) and HAART era (2005-2017). Patients were assessed for the ocular manifestations. This study included 83 patients in the pre HAART era and 98 patients in the HAART era. Cytomegalovirus retinitis was the most common ocular manifestation in the pre-HAART and the HAART era. Inspite of free availability of the antiretroviral therapy, the results of our study has not shown a reduction in the ocular manifestations in the HAART era. Awareness among the high risk population, screening of population at community health centers, private health sectors and engaging non-government organizations for awareness in the community can help in early diagnosis of HIV. This may cause a reduction in the ocular manifestations in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Published in	International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12
Page(s)	10-14
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

References

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[2]	Venkatesh KK, Biswas J, Kumarasamy N. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on ophthalmic manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunedeficiency syndrome. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2008; 56: 391-3.
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[4]	Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Chaguturu S K, Cecelia AJetal. The changing natural history of HIV disease: before and after the introduction of generic antiretroviral therapy in southern India. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov15; 41 (10): 1525-8.
[5]	Sridharan Sudharshan, Sheikh Kaleemunnisha, Akbar Ashraf Banu, Sankaran Shrikrishna, Amala E George, B Rajesh Babu, Bella Devaleenal, Nagalingeshwaran Kumarasamy, Jyotirmay Biswas. Ocular lesions in 1,000 consecutive HIV positive patients in India: along-term study. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013; 3: 2.
[6]	Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Chaguturu SK, Mahajan A P, Flanigan T P, Balakrishnan P, et al. The safety, tolerability and effectiveness of generic antiretroviral drug regimens for HIV-infected patients in south India. AIDS2003; 17: 2265-71.
[7]	Kumarasamy N, Vallabhaneni S, Flanigan T P, Balakrishnan T P, Cecelia A, Carpenter C J, et al. Rapid viral load suppression following generic highly active antiretroviral therapy in Southern Indian HIV infected patients. AIDS 2005; 19: 625-7.
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[17]	Sharma R, Profile of HIV-positives and determinants with mode of transmission of HIV /AIDS patients on anti-retroviral treatment center at civil hospital, Ahmedabad. Indian J Sex Transm Dis32: 14–18.
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APA Style

Anjana Somanath, Rathinam Sivakumar, Radhika Thundikandy, Vedhanayaki Rajesh. (2020). Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 6(1), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12

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ACS Style

Anjana Somanath; Rathinam Sivakumar; Radhika Thundikandy; Vedhanayaki Rajesh. Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2020, 6(1), 10-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12

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AMA Style

Anjana Somanath, Rathinam Sivakumar, Radhika Thundikandy, Vedhanayaki Rajesh. Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2020;6(1):10-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12,
  author = {Anjana Somanath and Rathinam Sivakumar and Radhika Thundikandy and Vedhanayaki Rajesh},
  title = {Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20200601.12},
  abstract = {The human immunodeficiency virus infection causes a wide range of ocular manifestations. It is a growing concern in the developing countries. Now, the government provides the highly active antiretroviral therapy free of cost. But ocular manifestations continue to arise in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Hence a comparitive analysis of the disease pattern is important in assessing the ocular manifestations in the pre–HAART and HAART era. The aim of this retrospective series is to analyse the ocular manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients in the pre-HAART and HAART era This retrospective study includes Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive patients from the pre-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) (1995-2000) and HAART era (2005-2017). Patients were assessed for the ocular manifestations. This study included 83 patients in the pre HAART era and 98 patients in the HAART era. Cytomegalovirus retinitis was the most common ocular manifestation in the pre-HAART and the HAART era. Inspite of free availability of the antiretroviral therapy, the results of our study has not shown a reduction in the ocular manifestations in the HAART era. Awareness among the high risk population, screening of population at community health centers, private health sectors and engaging non-government organizations for awareness in the community can help in early diagnosis of HIV. This may cause a reduction in the ocular manifestations in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era
AU - Anjana Somanath
AU - Rathinam Sivakumar
AU - Radhika Thundikandy
AU - Vedhanayaki Rajesh
Y1 - 2020/05/28
PY - 2020
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12
DO - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12
T2 - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP - 10
EP - 14
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2575-5765
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12
AB - The human immunodeficiency virus infection causes a wide range of ocular manifestations. It is a growing concern in the developing countries. Now, the government provides the highly active antiretroviral therapy free of cost. But ocular manifestations continue to arise in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Hence a comparitive analysis of the disease pattern is important in assessing the ocular manifestations in the pre–HAART and HAART era. The aim of this retrospective series is to analyse the ocular manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients in the pre-HAART and HAART era This retrospective study includes Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive patients from the pre-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) (1995-2000) and HAART era (2005-2017). Patients were assessed for the ocular manifestations. This study included 83 patients in the pre HAART era and 98 patients in the HAART era. Cytomegalovirus retinitis was the most common ocular manifestation in the pre-HAART and the HAART era. Inspite of free availability of the antiretroviral therapy, the results of our study has not shown a reduction in the ocular manifestations in the HAART era. Awareness among the high risk population, screening of population at community health centers, private health sectors and engaging non-government organizations for awareness in the community can help in early diagnosis of HIV. This may cause a reduction in the ocular manifestations in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
VL - 6
IS - 1
ER -

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Author Information

Anjana Somanath

Uvea Consultant, Department of Uvea, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
Rathinam Sivakumar

Head of Department – Uvea, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
Radhika Thundikandy

Uvea Consultant, Department of Uvea, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
Vedhanayaki Rajesh

Uvea Consultant, Department of Uvea, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India

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APA Style

Anjana Somanath, Rathinam Sivakumar, Radhika Thundikandy, Vedhanayaki Rajesh. (2020). Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 6(1), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12

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ACS Style

Anjana Somanath; Rathinam Sivakumar; Radhika Thundikandy; Vedhanayaki Rajesh. Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2020, 6(1), 10-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12

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AMA Style

Anjana Somanath, Rathinam Sivakumar, Radhika Thundikandy, Vedhanayaki Rajesh. Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2020;6(1):10-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12,
  author = {Anjana Somanath and Rathinam Sivakumar and Radhika Thundikandy and Vedhanayaki Rajesh},
  title = {Ocular Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in the Pre-HAART and HAART Era},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20200601.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20200601.12},
  abstract = {The human immunodeficiency virus infection causes a wide range of ocular manifestations. It is a growing concern in the developing countries. Now, the government provides the highly active antiretroviral therapy free of cost. But ocular manifestations continue to arise in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Hence a comparitive analysis of the disease pattern is important in assessing the ocular manifestations in the pre–HAART and HAART era. The aim of this retrospective series is to analyse the ocular manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients in the pre-HAART and HAART era This retrospective study includes Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive patients from the pre-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) (1995-2000) and HAART era (2005-2017). Patients were assessed for the ocular manifestations. This study included 83 patients in the pre HAART era and 98 patients in the HAART era. Cytomegalovirus retinitis was the most common ocular manifestation in the pre-HAART and the HAART era. Inspite of free availability of the antiretroviral therapy, the results of our study has not shown a reduction in the ocular manifestations in the HAART era. Awareness among the high risk population, screening of population at community health centers, private health sectors and engaging non-government organizations for awareness in the community can help in early diagnosis of HIV. This may cause a reduction in the ocular manifestations in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.},
 year = {2020}
}

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