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Research Article
Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Secondary School Adolescents in the City of Garoua, Cameroon
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
39-46
Received:
25 February 2025
Accepted:
8 March 2025
Published:
26 March 2025
Abstract: While traditionally considered as a period of good health, adolescence with contemporary lifestyles and environmental factors is facing an alarming rise in cardiovascular risk factors. This was a school based cross sectional study including adolescents aged 10 to 19 years old in the city of Garoua. Physical activity, smoking, overweight, obesity, elevated blood pressure, hypertension, prediabetes and diabetes were evaluated. We included 938 participants (68.8% female) with a mean age of 16 ± 2 years. The most frequent risk factor was physical inactivity (52.8%). Overweight/obesity was more frequent in private schools (ORa = 2.76 [1.80 – 4.22], p < 0.001). Prediabetes/diabetes was significantly more frequent in the [10-15[ age category, in female participants, and in private schools (ORa = 2.16 [1.53 – 3.07]; p < 0.001, ORa = 1.50 [1.01 – 2.22]; p = 0.045, and ORa = 2,56 [1.79 – 3.66]; p < 0,001 respectively). Physical inactivity was significantly more frequent in female students and in the [10-15[ age category (ORa = 2.22 [1.68 – 2.95]; p < 0.001 and ORa = 1.37 [1.04 – 1.82]; p = 0.026 respectively). Male adolescents had 7-fold higher risk of smoking. There was no significant difference in the proportions of elevated blood pressure/hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Cardiovascular risk factors are present among secondary school adolescents in the city of Garoua. Public health policies should be implemented for the prevention and early management of these risk factors.
Abstract: While traditionally considered as a period of good health, adolescence with contemporary lifestyles and environmental factors is facing an alarming rise in cardiovascular risk factors. This was a school based cross sectional study including adolescents aged 10 to 19 years old in the city of Garoua. Physical activity, smoking, overweight, obesity, e...
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Research Article
In-Hospital Mortality of Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Coronary Angiography: A Multicenter Study in Dakar, Senegal
Ngone Diaba Gaye*
,
Aliou Alassane Ngaide,
Pierre-Adley Ngoulla,
Joseph Mingou,
Momar Dioum,
Mouhamed Chérif Mboup,
Fatou Aw,
Alassane Mbaye,
Bamba Ndiaye,
Maboury Diaw,
Abdoul Kane
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
47-53
Received:
1 April 2025
Accepted:
1 May 2025
Published:
14 May 2025
Abstract: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) significantly contributes to cardiovascular mortality worldwide, with an increasing prevalence in Africa due to rising cardiovascular risk factors. Despite advances in reperfusion therapies like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), many African countries, including Senegal, face substantial barriers to optimal care. This study aimed to assess in-hospital mortality among ACS patients undergoing coronary angiography in Dakar, Senegal, and to describe clinical features associated with mortality. We conducted a retrospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study involving patients hospitalized with ACS who underwent coronary angiography between January 2020 and June 2023 in three tertiary cardiology centers in Dakar. Demographic data, clinical presentation, cardiovascular risk factors, angiographic findings, and therapeutic interventions were collected. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and bivariate comparisons, with significance defined at p<0.05. Out of 2573 ACS patients undergoing coronary angiography, 30 died, resulting in an in-hospital mortality rate of 1.16%. The mean age was 61.2 ± 10.8 years, predominantly male (76.7%). Hypertension (53.3%) and sedentary lifestyle (83.3%) were common risk factors. Most patients presented with atypical chest pain (76.7%) and delayed hospital admission beyond 12 hours (43.3%). STEMI accounted for 70% of cases, with the left anterior descending artery frequently involved (80%). PCI using drug-eluting stents was performed in 56.7% of deceased patients. Cardiogenic shock was the leading complication (46.7%). In-hospital mortality following coronary angiography for ACS in urban Senegal is relatively low but delayed presentations and atypical symptoms remain significant barriers. Enhanced public awareness, reduced delays to intervention, and overcoming socioeconomic obstacles are essential to improve outcomes.
Abstract: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) significantly contributes to cardiovascular mortality worldwide, with an increasing prevalence in Africa due to rising cardiovascular risk factors. Despite advances in reperfusion therapies like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), many African countries, including Senegal, face substantial barriers to optimal car...
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Research Article
Epidemiology, Management and Prognosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Senegal: A Systematic Review of the Grey Literature with Meta-analysis from 1998 to 2020
Guissé Papa Momar*,
Ndao Serigne Cheikh,
Mingou Joseph Salvador,
Ndiaye Papa Nguirane,
Bassoum Oumar,
Niang Tacko,
Mboup Mouhamed Cherif,
Sarr Simon Antoine,
Ngaïdé Aliou Alassane,
Diao Maboury,
Diack Bouna,
Dioum Momar
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
54-63
Received:
20 April 2025
Accepted:
3 May 2025
Published:
18 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ccr.20250902.13
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Abstract: Introduction: The management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Senegal continues to pose challenges, despite significant progress in medical care. To comprehensively understand the current state of ACS in Senegal, a systematic review with meta-analysis was deemed essential. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ACS in Senegal and its trajectory over time. Methods: A systematic review of grey literature, encompassing theses and dissertations on ACS conducted in public hospitals in Senegal between 1990 and 2023, was undertaken. The selected studies provided valuable insights into the prevalence, epidemiological characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, and prognostic outcomes associated with ACS. A meta-analysis of prevalence and mortality data was performed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model, while the remaining data were synthesized descriptively. Results: The systematic review yielded 15 eligible studies from 1998 to 2020, out of an initial 101 identified documents. The overall prevalence of ACS was determined to be 9% (95% Cl: 7-11%, 12 = 96%, p < 0.01). Notably, in Dakar, the prevalence exhibited a significant increase between 1998 to 2010 and 2013 to 2020 (p < 0.01), rising from 6% (95% Cl: 4-8%, 12 = 96%, p < 0.01) to 13% (95% CI: 9-16%, 12 = 95%, p < 0.01). The proportion of patients presenting with ST-elevation ACS ranged from 44 to 94%. The average age of patients varied between 57 and 64 years, with a consistent male predominance across all studies. A notable improvement in mean admission delay to cardiology services in Dakar was observed, decreasing from 186 hours in 2002 to 28 hours in 2018. Thrombolysis utilization for ST-elevation ACS patients in Dakar ranged from 2.1 to 64.8%, while other regions reported rates of 10% in Kaolack, 53.8% in Saint-Louis, and 52.6% in Thies. In Dakar, the rate of coronary angiography increased substantially from 0% to 60.6% between 1998 and 2020, with percutaneous coronary intervention performed in 4.3% to 35.3% of cases. The frequency of heart failure ranged from 6.7 to 52.9%, and cardiogenic shock occurred in 1 to 18.5% of patients. The overall mortality rate was 10% (95% CI: 7-13%, 12 = 64%, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that despite an increase in prevalence, there is an improvement in the management of ACS. However, the establishment of a national registry and a comprehensive network for ACS management is crucial to further improve morbidity and mortality outcomes.
Abstract: Introduction: The management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Senegal continues to pose challenges, despite significant progress in medical care. To comprehensively understand the current state of ACS in Senegal, a systematic review with meta-analysis was deemed essential. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ACS ...
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Case Report
Concurrent Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Rare Phenotypic Overlap
Atul Kapoor*,
Arun Chopra,
Harinder Pal Singh
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
64-68
Received:
1 May 2025
Accepted:
12 May 2025
Published:
18 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ccr.20250902.14
Downloads:
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Abstract: Background: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) are distinct inherited cardiac disorders that represent leading causes of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young adults. While both conditions display autosomal dominant inheritance patterns, they typically involve different genetic mutations and pathophysiological mechanisms. Case report: We present a rare case of a 45-year-old male with ventricular tachycardia who demonstrated concurrent phenotypic features of both ARVC and HCM on comprehensive cardiac evaluation. Electrocardiography showed epsilon waves characteristic of ARVC, while cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) revealed right ventricular dilatation consistent with ARVC alongside mid-ventricular hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). This unusual phenotypic overlap highlights the importance of comprehensive multimodality cardiac imaging and raises intriguing questions about potential genetic and molecular intersections between these cardiomyopathies. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of comprehensive multimodality cardiac imaging in identifying complex structural abnormalities and raises questions about potential genetic and molecular intersections between ARVC and HCM. Our case also adds to the extremely limited literature documenting the co-occurrence of these conditions and underscores the value of CMR in identifying complex structural cardiac abnormalities. Management of patients with this rare phenotypic overlap presents unique challenges, requiring careful consideration of risk stratification and medical therapy. Further research may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology and optimal management strategies for patients with overlapping cardiomyopathic phenotypes.
Abstract: Background: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) are distinct inherited cardiac disorders that represent leading causes of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young adults. While both conditions display autosomal dominant inheritance patterns, they typically involve different genetic mutatio...
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Case Report
Beyond Benign or Malignant: A Complex Case of Anomalous Left Main Coronary Artery with Transseptal Course
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
69-74
Received:
19 May 2025
Accepted:
30 May 2025
Published:
23 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ccr.20250902.15
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Abstract: Anomalous coronary arteries (ACA) represent a heterogeneous group of anatomical variants with a wide range of clinical implications. While many are benign, specific courses may predispose to ischemia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death. We present a rare case of a 62-year-old man with an anomalous left main (LM) coronary artery originating from a shared right coronary ostium, demonstrating a mixed interarterial and transseptal course. Multimodality imaging with cardiac CT angiography (CTA), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and invasive coronary angiography with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and physiologic assessment revealed dynamic systolic compression of a prominent first septal perforator, associated with mid-myocardial fibrofatty infiltration and fibrosis. Resting hemodynamics were normal; however, provocative maneuvers elicited significant ischemia as evidenced by abnormal instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) changes. Despite the anatomical complexity and hemodynamic findings, the patient opted for conservative management following a detailed discussion of surgical revascularization options. This case highlights the nuanced spectrum of clinical significance in anomalous LM coronary arteries, challenging the traditional benign versus malignant classification. Comprehensive anatomical and physiological evaluation is critical, especially in mixed-course anomalies. Our findings underscore the role of multimodal imaging modalities and functional testing in guiding individualized patient management in rare coronary anomalies.
Abstract: Anomalous coronary arteries (ACA) represent a heterogeneous group of anatomical variants with a wide range of clinical implications. While many are benign, specific courses may predispose to ischemia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death. We present a rare case of a 62-year-old man with an anomalous left main (LM) coronary ...
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Research Article
Designing Menu for a 1550-calorie Indian Diet with Balanced Fats and Restricted Carbohydrates for Diabetic Adults with Heart Failure
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
75-87
Received:
12 April 2025
Accepted:
3 May 2025
Published:
25 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ccr.20250902.16
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Abstract: The study for designing an Indian menu-based equivalent of the Mediterranean diet, tailored to the context of heart failure in diabetes, was planned in the situation of, menu formulations or any formulating guidelines for a situationally suitable native diet for Indian diabetic adults in heart failure remained hypothetical, since 2010. The parameters determining situational suitability were bulkiness (that is, less bulky food for less flatulence and lesser bowel movements, in bed ridden patients) and reasonable adequacies in calories, macro and micronutrients. So, the first objective of the work was to design a menu for a less bulky but reasonably nutritious diet of 1550.00 Calories for diabetic persons in rest for heart failure (HF) calorically similar to the known diet models with carbohydrate derived energy limited to 50.00% (the Traditional Mediterranean diet or the American Diabetes Association diet for diabetic persons) and fat limited to 30.00g, using Indian native food items. The second objective was, to demonstrate deriving dietary fat according to the classic consumption recommendations, to consume saturated, monounsaturated, and poly unsaturated fats in equal amounts, keeping the ratio between the omega 6 type and omega 3 type fatty acids (the ‘omega ratio’) as 4:1 (balanced fat), from the items of the menu. The essential methodology for total calorie calculation was, mathematically combining the calorie provision pattern of the known diabetic diet models with 50.00% energy from carbohydrate and the recommendation in classic text books to reduce the fat consumption to 30.00g, while resting with HF. The methodology for constituting the menu was plotting a table with less bulky but nutritively denser food items in columns and their nutritive values in rows, selected from a panel of 592 local food items. With a few repetitions of tabulation involving permutations and combinations of certain local food items, a model was evolved with 15 of them, satisfying both the objectives. Both the methodology of formulation and its interim evaluation tables are, essential guiding gridworks for preparation and assessment of other metabolically targeted diets also. Since being a derivative of already well accepted models just substituted with some nutritionally equivalent native food items, the clinical evaluation of the formulation will be quite simpler too. The socio-economic significance of the menu combination is its highly predictable acceptability due to the compositional familiarity and lighter budgetary load, to the Indian population (traditional food items in near traditional quantities, on minimum expense).
Abstract: The study for designing an Indian menu-based equivalent of the Mediterranean diet, tailored to the context of heart failure in diabetes, was planned in the situation of, menu formulations or any formulating guidelines for a situationally suitable native diet for Indian diabetic adults in heart failure remained hypothetical, since 2010. The paramete...
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