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Representation of Gravity and the Intrinsic Property of the Gravitational Mass
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2018
Pages:
49-56
Received:
28 August 2018
Accepted:
10 September 2018
Published:
10 October 2018
Abstract: The space-time structure of gravity mass is analyzed in this paper. It is proposed that "spin angular momentum and rotational angular momentum" are intrinsic properties of gravitational mass, and "curvature and gravitational effect" are representations of gravitational mass. The theoretical basis of the universal gravitation constant (G=1/16đťťżC) is found by studying the expression of gravity mass, and the curvature equation and time effect equation of gravity space are derived. In comparison with the experimental results of general relativity, The relative error of the calculated result of curvature equation of gravity space with the observation result of gravitational deflection of starlight near the sun are less than 8%, Otheres experiments were quite different. However, the intrinsic correlation of the gravitational redshift experiment of the Îł radiation on the surface of the earth is consistent with the calculation results of the time curvature equation. The results of this study show that space curvature is the root of gravity. The propagation of gravity is the transfer of space curvature, and there is no "graviton" that transmits the gravitational interaction. Gravitational effects can be observed through supernova explosions and neutron star formation in the universe.
Abstract: The space-time structure of gravity mass is analyzed in this paper. It is proposed that "spin angular momentum and rotational angular momentum" are intrinsic properties of gravitational mass, and "curvature and gravitational effect" are representations of gravitational mass. The theoretical basis of the universal gravitation constant (G=1/16đťťżC) is...
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Chime’s Laws for Distribution of Planets, Moons and Planetary Ring-Systems: Critical Examination of Their Predictions and the Implications
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2018
Pages:
57-71
Received:
5 August 2018
Accepted:
22 August 2018
Published:
15 October 2018
Abstract: Study Aim: The problem as to whether planets, moons and planetary ring-systems are randomly or non-randomly distributed in the solar system has not been resolved. In this article, the predictions of Chime’s laws for distribution of bodies were critically examined in order to see if planets, moons and planetary ring-systems were randomly or non-randomly distributed in the solar system. Method: Equations formulated based on the distribution of the known planets, moons and planetary ring-systems in the solar system, were used to predict the distribution of these bodies in all the planetary orbits of the solar system. The predictions made by those equations were then compared with observations. Result: The solar system is a 14-orbit system which has between 9 and 13 formed planets, between 190 and 248 formed moons and 6 planetary ring-systems. Many Jupiter’s moons are missing. About three Uranus’ moons await discovery. Pluto is Planet 10 which was predicted to have 6 moons and a planetary ring-system. Planet Eleven, predicted to have 2 moons and a planetary ring-system, has not yet been discovered. The non-random distribution of planets, moons and planetary ring-systems in the solar system favoured a formation process that was not prone to chance. There are serious flaws in the IAU definition of planet, which was why it was unable to recognize that Pluto is a Planet. Conclusion: This study has shown that planets, moons and planetary ring-systems are non-randomly distributed in the solar system. The simplicity, elegance and Fibonacci-friendliness of the beta total orbital bodies distribution laws make them very attractive. No standard ring-system or any more moons are expected to be discovered in Section 2.1.1 of the solar system. Astronomers should, therefore, channel their energies and limited resources towards Section 2.1.2 of the solar system where it is necessary to resolve such puzzles as the number of Jupiter’s moons that are actually missing, the group of laws that is operative in the solar system and the fate of Warsawlene, the sixth moon of Pluto. There are serious flaws in the 2006 IAU definition of planet. Systematic theoretical explorations of Division 2.2 should commence with Orbit Eleven and its planet. Recommendations: Search for the three undiscovered moons of Uranus labeled Ezechi, Akanene and Ikechukwu in the order in which they will be discovered; search for the sixth moon of Pluto, Warsawlene; recognizing the planetary status of Pluto; serious efforts to discover Planet Eleven; and coming up with a new and better definition of planet.
Abstract: Study Aim: The problem as to whether planets, moons and planetary ring-systems are randomly or non-randomly distributed in the solar system has not been resolved. In this article, the predictions of Chime’s laws for distribution of bodies were critically examined in order to see if planets, moons and planetary ring-systems were randomly or non-rand...
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The Processes Which Cause the Appearance of Objects and Systems
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2018
Pages:
72-80
Received:
27 August 2018
Accepted:
30 September 2018
Published:
7 November 2018
Abstract: The beginning of the formation of galaxies can be recognized in the planetary and stellar systems. The rotation speed of a galactic center determins the form of a galaxy an the ongoing processes. The forces of attraction and the rotation of stars firstly form binary systems. The objects that are locked down by their tidal forces or that posses an extremely slow rotation, i.e. they have no independent rotation – they don't have other objects orbiting around themselves; for example: Mercury, Venus and the majority of satellites. A very fast cyclone rotation (in an elliptical galaxy) creates huge friction, whichheats up matter; that can be seen on quasars and very fast-rotating small objects (stars) through the emission of radiation that takes place on the poles. A vast number of stars and other matter (the center of a galaxy), when rotating around the common center, act as a single body, related to the rest of the galaxy. A slow rotation of a galactic center (as in the stellar clusters) does not create a recognizable center (the center looks more like the ones of close binary systems), while the fast rotation creates the center that ranges from the northern to the southern pole of the center. The speed of rotation is not exclusively responsible for the size of an object (a galaxy, a star,...) because a fast rotation is a characteristic of both dwarf and giant galaxies. The same goes for a slow rotation. The same principle applies to stars. There are big stars with different speeds of rotation, and the same goes for small stars. There are hot stars with very small mass, but there are also hot giant stars. Cyclones (in the north and south poles of the galaxy nucleus) are responsible for acceleration and deceleration of galactical and stellar rotations (as well as the death of stars). The influx of hotter matter accelerates the rotation of an object (the influx of stars to the cyclone in the center of a galaxy).
Abstract: The beginning of the formation of galaxies can be recognized in the planetary and stellar systems. The rotation speed of a galactic center determins the form of a galaxy an the ongoing processes. The forces of attraction and the rotation of stars firstly form binary systems. The objects that are locked down by their tidal forces or that posses an e...
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Lithopanspermia – The Terrestrial Input During the Past 550 Million Years
Martin Beech,
Ian M. Coulson,
Mark Comte
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2018
Pages:
81-90
Received:
18 September 2018
Accepted:
25 October 2018
Published:
27 November 2018
Abstract: An estimate for the minimum amount of terrestrial material deposited into interplanetary space over the past ~550 million years is made. Using the published characteristics of known terrestrial impact craters, it is found that at least 1013 kg of potentially life-bearing matter has been ejected from the Earth’s surface into the inner solar system. This estimate is derived upon a reverse-engineering approach which links the observed crater diameter to impactor size and which employs a set of analytic equations to obtain an estimate of the mass fraction of material ejected, with a speed greater than the Earth’s escape velocity, during the crater-forming process. Of the total amount of terrestrial material ejected into the inner solar system, some 67% can be attributed to the formation of the Chicxulub crater – the largest known crater to have been produced within the Phanerozoic eon. Given a typical asteroid / short-period comet encounter speed of 25 to 28 km/s the ejecta produced in a terrestrial cratering event can, in principle, rapidly find its way onto orbits that intercept the Moon as well those of the planets from Mercury out to Jupiter, thereby populating the solar system with material that harbours viable populations of terrestrial microbes.
Abstract: An estimate for the minimum amount of terrestrial material deposited into interplanetary space over the past ~550 million years is made. Using the published characteristics of known terrestrial impact craters, it is found that at least 1013 kg of potentially life-bearing matter has been ejected from the Earth’s surface into the inner solar system. ...
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Formation and Evolution of Pulsars & Accretion and Jets of Black Holes
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2018
Pages:
91-96
Received:
11 October 2018
Accepted:
2 November 2018
Published:
29 November 2018
Abstract: The discovery of pulsar is an exciting discovery in 1960s, it has a profound influence on the development of modern physics. Although after the discovery of the first pulsar, it is quickly confirmed that pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars, yet people knew little about the essential mechanism leading neutron stars to pulse electromagnetic radiation. Thus, the author has analyzed the morphology and atmospheric environment of neutron stars, and found that a neutron star usually has two vortex structures located at its South pole and North pole, consisting of two groups of parallel spiral cloud paths, therefore producing two groups of corresponding dipole magnetic fields located at the South pole and the North pole respectively. It is the superposition of these two groups of dipole magnetic fields with the same polarity that form the neutron star’s magnetic field continuously giving off radio and X-ray pulsations in lighthouse-like beams. Since the atmospheric vortexes on the planets of the Solar System are tiny accretion disks, and the accretion disks on neutron stars, black holes or active galactic nuclei are essentially large-scale atmospheric vortexes, neutron star’s vortex-formation mechanism and electromagnetic radiation mechanism can be extended to the accretion and jets of black holes.
Abstract: The discovery of pulsar is an exciting discovery in 1960s, it has a profound influence on the development of modern physics. Although after the discovery of the first pulsar, it is quickly confirmed that pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars, yet people knew little about the essential mechanism leading neutron stars to pulse electromagnetic ra...
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