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A Charge Distribution in the Earth’s Atmosphere
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
67-68
Received:
18 February 2015
Accepted:
4 March 2015
Published:
28 March 2015
Abstract: Earth’s atmosphere is polarized: the negative charges are concentrated mainly in the lower atmospheric layers and the positive charges – in the upper layers of the atmosphere. It is believed now that the nature of force, which polarizes the atmosphere, is unknown. At same time, our calculations showed that force, which distributes the atmospheric charges, has the electromagnetic nature. Under action this force the positive charges are moved up and negative charges – down. Here we propose our calculations.
Abstract: Earth’s atmosphere is polarized: the negative charges are concentrated mainly in the lower atmospheric layers and the positive charges – in the upper layers of the atmosphere. It is believed now that the nature of force, which polarizes the atmosphere, is unknown. At same time, our calculations showed that force, which distributes the atmospheric c...
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Einstein: Unification Theory and Unification of Basic Forces
M. Tajuddin,
Md. Haider Ali Biswas
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
69-76
Received:
5 March 2015
Accepted:
22 March 2015
Published:
31 March 2015
Abstract: This is a unique article that expresses the idea of unification theory and unification of basic forces. Depending on the truth that ‘every particle feels the force of gravity according to its mass or energy’ (Hawking, 1996) and spherical N-dimension of geometry by Riemann, it is observed how gravitation as a long range virtual particle spherically interacts with short range forces lying in inertia of mass in the earth and the other planets and form unified force to control the universe with spherical motion. Without mutual interaction of the four basic forces, gravitation and unified force is impossible. Unified force creates spherical geometry that incorporates two dimensional, three dimensional, four dimensional and curved geometry by single dimension. As ‘unified theory that would include all these partial theories (Hawking, 1996), so it can describe all physical laws. The basic forces are virtual but the reactions are visible as the planets have spherical movement etc. (Vide: Different sections of the article).
Abstract: This is a unique article that expresses the idea of unification theory and unification of basic forces. Depending on the truth that ‘every particle feels the force of gravity according to its mass or energy’ (Hawking, 1996) and spherical N-dimension of geometry by Riemann, it is observed how gravitation as a long range virtual particle spherically ...
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The Real Universe II
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
77-85
Received:
22 March 2015
Accepted:
7 April 2015
Published:
21 April 2015
Abstract: The big bang is the greatest event happened in the universe; it is unthinkable that such event left no trace in space; we must be blindfolded by something. In this paper, the author will point out what to look for so that we won’t miss out on the Universe greatest show. Few will argue our matters are all made from particles. The positional energy or orbiting energy/gravitation power unifies our matter and particles, because particles possess orbiting power as well when they are coupled. The mystifying gravitation as some sort of supernatural phenomenon (e.g. space-time or gravitational particle) misleads our entire generation since Newton expired. The findings of strong gravitational lensing by Sgr A* indicate gravitation power/energy exist in the center of our milky way, though it is invisible. The presence of energy equal presence of mass (M= E/C², C² is constant). However, current perception of particles can be massless e.g. gauge bosons, the photon and the gluon[1] which create a centerpiece of confusion when we come to study dark matter and origin of the universe. In this paper, the author will explain why all particles possess mass which is supported partially by 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics- the Higgs mechanism, which gives mass to fundamental particles. In this paper, the author will pave a clear road map for how to study our fundamental particles, particular Gamma Ray. Furthermore, the author will explain the reasons that dark matter/black hole is made from gamma ray nucleosynthesis or gamma ray photosynthesis! The author will explain the reasons that our current background cosmic ray/gamma ray originated directly from a big bang (for most part)! Other than gravity, the author will further explain how emulsion plays role in merging of galaxies which maybe mystified as dark energy. The Newtonian Physics will unite all science branches. The particle physics will lead artificial intelligence to its terminal end in the universe civilization of all kind! The primary objective of this study is to uncover the real mechanic of dark matter, big bang and evolution process of the universe in the discipline of basic physics.
Abstract: The big bang is the greatest event happened in the universe; it is unthinkable that such event left no trace in space; we must be blindfolded by something. In this paper, the author will point out what to look for so that we won’t miss out on the Universe greatest show. Few will argue our matters are all made from particles. The positional energy o...
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Targets Classification on Multispectral Images using Connectionists Methods
Samir Zeriouh,
Mustapha Boutahri,
Said El Yamani,
Ahmed Roukhe
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
86-91
Received:
4 April 2015
Accepted:
17 April 2015
Published:
27 April 2015
Abstract: Identification of targets on remote sensing images depends mainly on the databases representing different classes. In this context, this paper proposes a connectionist system using a two-dimensional Kohonen self-organizing map to build a database of some identified targets on a multi-band satellite image. After an enhancing process, essentially based on a non-linear filtering, the system performs a non-supervised classification of a reference image in order to extract the sequence of samples of the reflectance coefficients related to the desired targets. This classification will be used later for automatic extraction of these targets on other stages.
Abstract: Identification of targets on remote sensing images depends mainly on the databases representing different classes. In this context, this paper proposes a connectionist system using a two-dimensional Kohonen self-organizing map to build a database of some identified targets on a multi-band satellite image. After an enhancing process, essentially bas...
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A Study of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance on Copper Ions on Alkali-Alkali Earth Zinc Phosphate Glass
H. M. Mokhtar,
S. Saad,
A. Abd El-ghany,
N. H. Mousa,
M. M. Elokr
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
92-96
Received:
28 March 2015
Accepted:
12 April 2015
Published:
6 May 2015
Abstract: 42%P2O5- 40%ZnO- 2%CaO- (16-x) %Na2O-xCu2O glass system (x=o, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10%mol) were prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique. It was investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to study the structural changes induced by different amount of copper ions. The spin Hamiltonian parameters like g∥, g⊥ and A∥ show that Cu+2ionare in tetrahedral coordination with dxy as the ground state. Modification of EPR band width by increasing copper content suggests that band consists of two overlapping bands; one of them is related to asymmetric band due to isolated copper ions and the other is symmetric due to cluster ions Cu+2-Cu+2. Calculation of the optical basicity indicates to that polarizability decrease by increasing copper content due to increase electron cloud density at the Cu2+ site.
Abstract: 42%P2O5- 40%ZnO- 2%CaO- (16-x) %Na2O-xCu2O glass system (x=o, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10%mol) were prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique. It was investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to study the structural changes induced by different amount of copper ions. The spin Hamiltonian parameters like g∥, g⊥ and A∥ show that Cu+2i...
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Utilization of Pure Silica Extracted from Rice Husk and FTIR Structural Analysis of the Prepared Glasses
H. A. Saudi,
S. M. Salem,
S. S. Mohammad,
A. G. Mostafa,
M. Y. Hassaan
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
97-105
Received:
7 May 2015
Accepted:
15 May 2015
Published:
26 May 2015
Abstract: Egyptian rice husk was subjected to different chemical and thermal treatment methods, aiming to extract high pure silica. Three samples (S1, S2 and S3) were prepared applying three different chemical treatment methods. Two sets of the obtained samples were prepared, where the first set was calcinated at 600oC and the other set was calcinated at 750 oC by slow heating (starting at RT and ending at the desired calcinations temperature for 2 h).XRF was applied to identify the chemical composition and purity of the extracted silica, while XRD was applied to confirm the amorphous nature and the presence of some induced carbon black in the obtained silica. It was found that S3 slowly heated at 750 oC presents the highest silica content (98.6 %). Such sample was fed directly to the calcinations furnace at 750 oC (sudden heating for comparison) where it presents only 90.6% silica, and 3.74 % residual carbon black. However, the extracted silica from sample S3 was used to prepare glasses obeying the composition (75-x) mol% RH-silica, x mol% Bi2O3, 25 mol% Na2O, (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 20).FTIR spectroscopic analysis was applied to investigate the internal structure of the prepared glasses, where the glass networks were found to contain mainly SiO4, BiO3 and BiO6 structural groups, as well as some bridging and non-bridging oxygen anions. Also, some O-H and H-O-H groups were also detected which may be due to the used KBr disk technique.
Abstract: Egyptian rice husk was subjected to different chemical and thermal treatment methods, aiming to extract high pure silica. Three samples (S1, S2 and S3) were prepared applying three different chemical treatment methods. Two sets of the obtained samples were prepared, where the first set was calcinated at 600oC and the other set was calcinated at 750...
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Dark Matter Engineering
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
106-111
Received:
4 May 2015
Accepted:
13 May 2015
Published:
27 May 2015
Abstract: The dark matter is the product of a constructive cycle of the universe. Similar to our visible mass, our dark matter is a result of photosynthesis immediately after a big bang. The big bang Nucleosynthesis is a well-established fact in our physics⑴. The author has subsequently linked gamma ray blast to our big bang⑵. Based on the conservation law of mass, our galaxies must come from particles generated from a big bang, rather than from nothing. More specifically, our nucleon and sub-nuclear particles are all from photons, because the photons are the only option for linking our mass to a big bang of high energy particles! The dark matter is the first congregation of photons immediately after a big bang! The visible galaxies appear later. The mechanism behind segregation of photons with similar wavelength/frequencies plays a critical role for forming protons, neutrons, black matter and so on. It is the emulsion power that bundles photons in the emulsion soup of electrons in a particle world! What confuses people is our perception of photon – how flying particles at speed of light “settle down” and become part of emulsion soup/mass. The mass or quarks sit there orbiting rather than flying in a straight direction with speed of light. The missing link is now founded; it is “photon bonding/coupling”! –a recent remarkable discovery called Rydberg blockade by coaxing photons into bonding together to form “molecules” – a state of matter by a group led by Harvard Professor of Physics Mikhail Lukin and MIT Professor of Physics Vladan Vuletic⑶. The uncoupled photon possesses pure kinetic energy, e.g. cosmic ray or solar light. The coupled photons/photosynthesis stay! E.g. an apple – contains coupled/bounded photons in a biological process called photosynthesis. There are some types of fungi, called radiotrophic fungi, are able to use melanin as a photosynthetic pigment that enables them to capture gamma rays⑷ and harness the energy for growth⑸. The primary objective of this study is to uncover the origin of all particles and master dark matter engineering in the discipline of basic physics.
Abstract: The dark matter is the product of a constructive cycle of the universe. Similar to our visible mass, our dark matter is a result of photosynthesis immediately after a big bang. The big bang Nucleosynthesis is a well-established fact in our physics⑴. The author has subsequently linked gamma ray blast to our big bang⑵. Based on the conservation law o...
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