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Research Article
Anesthesia in Laboratory Animals: A Practical Overview
Binglin Peng
,
Jing Zhang,
Huaqin Liu*
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
75-81
Received:
2 June 2026
Accepted:
29 June 2026
Published:
17 July 2026
Abstract: There is a strong demand for standardized, reliable anesthetic protocols to support scientific research involving laboratory animals. To date, no universally accepted unified anesthesia scheme has been established for any single laboratory animal species, and animal welfare protection is a mandatory requirement that must be fully considered throughout all experimental perioperative procedures. Given the widespread lack of systematic anesthesia guidance for novice technical staff, this review was compiled with the primary purpose of sorting out complete perioperative anesthesia management strategies for common laboratory animals. This review covers the classification, application characteristics and applicable scenarios of injectable anesthesia and inhalant anesthesia, and further elaborates detailed perioperative care specifications including preoperative preparation, intraoperative vital sign monitoring, postoperative recovery antagonism and standardized euthanasia procedures. Meanwhile, it also summarizes differentiated anesthetic schemes for special experimental scenarios such as surgical operations, fMRI, PET and endoscopic modeling, and analyzes the existing limitations of current animal anesthesia techniques. The overall content is expected to provide comprehensive operable reference for technicians with limited practical experience in laboratory animal anesthesia. In conclusion, laboratory animal anesthesiology needs to balance experimental accuracy, animal physiological tolerance and welfare ethics; future studies should focus on personalized species-specific anesthesia protocols and minimally invasive precise monitoring technologies to make up for the deficiency of current monitoring means and individual difference research.
Abstract: There is a strong demand for standardized, reliable anesthetic protocols to support scientific research involving laboratory animals. To date, no universally accepted unified anesthesia scheme has been established for any single laboratory animal species, and animal welfare protection is a mandatory requirement that must be fully considered through...
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Research/Technical Note
Expert Collaboration Group of Medical Quality Control in Vestibular Migraine
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
82-93
Received:
11 May 2026
Accepted:
25 May 2026
Published:
28 July 2026
Abstract: Vestibular migraine (VM) is a common episodic vestibular disorder characterized by a high misdiagnosis rate. It substantially impairs patients’ health-related quality of life and imposes considerable medical and socioeconomic burdens. In recent years, significant advances have been achieved globally and in China in the diagnosis and management of VM, laying a solid foundation for promoting standardized outpatient care and establishing a medical quality control evaluation system. Against this background, the Chinese Expert Collaboration Group for Medical Quality Control of Vestibular Migraine fully drew on international and domestic research evidence, closely integrated the current situation and clinical practice of dizziness and headache management in China, and strictly followed the Delphi procedure. The initial draft was formulated through systematic literature retrieval, and multiple rounds of anonymous questionnaires were conducted to extensively solicit opinions from national and regional experts, with continuous revisions until consensus was reached. The expert panel comprehensively reviewed relevant literature and guidelines worldwide, combined with expert interviews and multiple group discussions. After repeated demonstration and refinement, the panel finally established a complete set of 13 outpatient medical quality control indicators covering the whole clinical pathway of VM, including initial consultation, diagnosis, comorbidity evaluation, treatment and follow-up, among which 8 are assessment indicators and 5 are reference indicators. The present expert consensus embraces these indicators as a standardized tool to systematically promote the standardization and quality improvement of clinical practice for vestibular migraine.
Abstract: Vestibular migraine (VM) is a common episodic vestibular disorder characterized by a high misdiagnosis rate. It substantially impairs patients’ health-related quality of life and imposes considerable medical and socioeconomic burdens. In recent years, significant advances have been achieved globally and in China in the diagnosis and management of V...
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Research Article
Expert Perspectives on Polmacoxib and Its Combination with Paracetamol in Osteoarthritis: A Nationwide Survey from India
Manjula Suresh*,
Krishna Kumar Manjunath
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
94-101
Received:
26 June 2026
Accepted:
8 July 2026
Published:
28 July 2026
Abstract: Objective: To assess expert perspectives and the perceived efficacy, safety, and clinical positioning of polmacoxib, both as monotherapy and in combination with paracetamol, in routine osteoarthritis (OA) management across clinical settings in India. Methodology: This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey, was conducted among 346 clinicians involved in OA management across diverse Indian clinical settings. A 22-item structured questionnaire captured treatment preferences, perceived safety concerns with traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), clinician experience with polmacoxib, and usage patterns of the polmacoxib-paracetamol combination. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The survey included 346 clinicians. Approximately 65% reported that OA most commonly affects the knee joints, and 37% identified paracetamol as the most preferred NSAID. Nearly 64% of clinicians indicated that GI, cardiovascular, and renal adverse effects collectively represent the major drawbacks of traditional NSAIDs. A substantial proportion (92%) reported that polmacoxib’s dual binding properties potentially offer superior cardiovascular, renal, and GI tolerability compared with traditional NSAIDs or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. Regarding combination therapy, 53% of experts preferred polmacoxib plus paracetamol in 26-50% of their OA patients, while 32% used the combination in 11-25% of patients. Approximately 49% of clinicians stated that the combination provides improved pain control, allows lower dosing, and may reduce adverse effects. Nearly 90% of respondents reported no adverse drug reactions with polmacoxib. Conclusion: The survey findings indicate that polmacoxib is widely regarded as an effective and well-tolerated option for managing OA. Clinicians demonstrated a strong preference for the polmacoxib-paracetamol combination, highlighting its superior pain control and potential safety benefits. The favorable tolerability profile and perceived reduction in NSAID-related adverse effects support the use of polmacoxib, either alone or in combination, as a valuable option in routine clinical practice for OA.
Abstract: Objective: To assess expert perspectives and the perceived efficacy, safety, and clinical positioning of polmacoxib, both as monotherapy and in combination with paracetamol, in routine osteoarthritis (OA) management across clinical settings in India. Methodology: This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey, was conducted among 346 clinicians i...
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Review Article
Expert Consensus on Perioperative Pain Management for Lung Cancer (2026 Edition)
Zhi Xiuyi,
Chen Chun,
Fan Bifa,
He Jianxing*
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
102-121
Received:
23 May 2026
Accepted:
9 August 2026
Published:
10 August 2026
Abstract: Perioperative pain is highly prevalent after lung cancer surgery and may impair pulmonary recovery, delay mobilization, increase complications, and contribute to chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). This 2026 expert consensus was developed to standardize perioperative pain management for patients undergoing lung cancer surgery and to support enhanced recovery and long-term quality of life. A multidisciplinary panel of thoracic surgeons, pain physicians, anesthesiologists, oncologists, pharmacists, psychologists/psychiatrists, and nurses formulated the recommendations through systematic evidence retrieval, evidence appraisal using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, two rounds of modified Delphi consultation, and expert meetings. The final document contains 14 recommendations covering risk-factor identification, dynamic pain assessment, multimodal and individualized analgesia, preemptive analgesia, surgical and anesthetic prevention strategies, postoperative rehabilitation, pharmacological therapy, regional nerve blocks, epidural or patient-controlled analgesia, neuromodulation, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical therapy, traditional Chinese medicine, chest-tube/tubeless strategies, perioperative nursing, and CPSP diagnosis and treatment. The consensus emphasizes opioid-sparing regimens, selection of minimally invasive surgical approaches where appropriate, early removal or avoidance of chest tubes in selected patients, and timely management of neuropathic pain components. By integrating evidence-based medicine with Chinese clinical practice, this consensus provides practical guidance for multidisciplinary teams to relieve pain, reduce adverse events, promote functional recovery, and improve postoperative quality of life in patients with lung cancer.
Abstract: Perioperative pain is highly prevalent after lung cancer surgery and may impair pulmonary recovery, delay mobilization, increase complications, and contribute to chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). This 2026 expert consensus was developed to standardize perioperative pain management for patients undergoing lung cancer surgery and to support enhanced ...
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Research Article
A Chinese Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Secondary Headache and Orofacial Pain
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
122-142
Received:
24 June 2026
Accepted:
22 July 2026
Published:
10 August 2026
Abstract: Secondary headaches and orofacial pains, caused by underlying diseases or dysfunctions, are more prevalent than primary headaches and orofacial pains. To date, no clinical guidelines have been established for the diagnosis and treatment of the 11 categories of chronic secondary headaches and orofacial pains on the “International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11)”. To improve the recognition and management of these painful diseases and to standardize diagnostic and therapeutic practices among clinicians in China, the Expert Panel for the Development of Chinese Clinical Guidelines for Chronic Secondary Headache and Orofacial Pain (hereinafter referred to as Expert Panel) compiled the present guideline. This guideline focuses on 8 common chronic secondary headache and orofacial pain disorders that are frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, but have well-defined diagnostic and therapeutic protocols within the painology department currently. These disorders include: cervicogenic headache, trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, sphenopalatine neuralgia, temporomandibular joint disorders, head and facial herpes zoster-related neuralgia, post-stroke persistent headache, and cancer-related head and facial pain. The Expert Panel systematically retrieved and evaluated the available evidence on the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, treatment, and recent advances for each of the 8 disorders. The guideline provides recommendations for both pharmacological therapy and minimally invasive treatments based on the evidence, to serve as a practical reference for painologists, neurologists, general practitioners, and other healthcare professionals involved in the management of these chronic secondary headache and orofacial pain.
Abstract: Secondary headaches and orofacial pains, caused by underlying diseases or dysfunctions, are more prevalent than primary headaches and orofacial pains. To date, no clinical guidelines have been established for the diagnosis and treatment of the 11 categories of chronic secondary headaches and orofacial pains on the “International Classification of D...
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Review Article
Interpretation and Implementation Prospects of the Expert Consensus on Clinical Application for Patient-controlled Analgesia Based on Intelligent Analgesia Technology
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
143-147
Received:
25 July 2026
Accepted:
8 August 2026
Published:
27 August 2026
Abstract: The transition from conventional patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) to artificial?intelligence-assisted patient-controlled analgesia (Ai-PCA) represents an innovative model for analgesia management. Clinicians utilize AI-enabled PCA devices to deliver individualized analgesia according to patients’ pain intensity and physical status. This review interprets the 2024 Chinese Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Patient-controlled Analgesia, a landmark document for innovative analgesic strategies. We summarize the historical evolution of postoperative PCA and Ai-PCA, the rationale for consensus development, clinical implementation details, quality management frameworks, and future directions of Ai-PCA. Measures to improve Ai-PCA performance and perioperative pain management are analyzed, highlighting priorities for further clinical translation. As a core clinical specialty reflecting comprehensive hospital service capacity, anesthesiology benefits greatly from artificial intelligence. Integrating AI into pain medicine ushers in an era of big-data-driven preventive analgesia, which can improve patient comfort and satisfaction, enhance enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS), and guide clinicians toward standardized, rational pain therapy.
Abstract: The transition from conventional patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) to artificial?intelligence-assisted patient-controlled analgesia (Ai-PCA) represents an innovative model for analgesia management. Clinicians utilize AI-enabled PCA devices to deliver individualized analgesia according to patients’ pain intensity and physical status. This review in...
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Review Article
A Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Post-Traumatic Pain (2023 Edition)
Yan Lyu,
Zhixiang Cheng,
Xianguo Liu,
Qing Liu,
Jinfeng Liu,
Xiaoqiu Yang,
Suoliang Wang,
Lin Wang,
Zhigang Zhuang,
Cunwei Shi,
Yanhua Li,
Ying Zhang,
Wei Tao,
Yanqing Liu*
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
148-161
Received:
3 August 2026
Accepted:
14 August 2026
Published:
9 September 2026
Abstract: With the rapid modernization of society, the incidence of traumatic events, including traffic accidents, industrial injuries, falls, and burn injuries has increased substantially, leading to a corresponding rise in the prevalence of chronic post-traumatic pain (CPTP). Chronic pain following trauma is predominantly neuropathic in nature, often involving central and peripheral sensitization mechanisms, and imposes a significant burden on patients' physical function, psychological well-being, sleep quality, and overall quality of life. Despite its growing clinical importance and socioeconomic impact, the diagnosis and management of CPTP remain insufficiently standardized across healthcare settings, with considerable variability in assessment tools, treatment protocols, and multidisciplinary coordination. To address this gap, the Expert Panel of the Special Capacity-Building Program for Pain Diagnosis and Treatment, organized by the National Health Commission Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center, systematically reviewed and critically appraised recent domestic and international evidence regarding the classification, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CPTP. High-quality evidence, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical guidelines, and expert consensus statements, was evaluated using the GRADE methodology. Following repeated expert discussions and consensus voting, this guideline was developed to provide evidence-based, actionable recommendations for the standardized diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of CPTP. This guideline covers risk stratification, early intervention strategies, pharmacological and interventional therapies, psychological support, and rehabilitation approaches, with the ultimate aim of improving clinical practice consistency, enhancing patient outcomes, and reducing the long-term disability associated with chronic post-traumatic pain.
Abstract: With the rapid modernization of society, the incidence of traumatic events, including traffic accidents, industrial injuries, falls, and burn injuries has increased substantially, leading to a corresponding rise in the prevalence of chronic post-traumatic pain (CPTP). Chronic pain following trauma is predominantly neuropathic in nature, often invol...
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Research/Technical Note
Application of Facial Nerve Block Technology in Facial Nerve Dysfunction Diseases Chinese Pain Expert Consensus
Bing Huang,
Xue Li,
Hua Bo Liu,
Xin Dan Du,
Ke Ma,
Ling Jie Xia,
Sen Ming Zhao,
Xian Zhao,
Hao Huang,
Ming Yao*,
Peng Yao,
Baolin Duan,
Bifa Fan,
Daying Zhang,
Jianguo Guo
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
162-172
Received:
9 August 2026
Accepted:
20 August 2026
Published:
9 September 2026
Abstract: Background: Facial nerve dysfunction is divided into hypofunctional type (facial paralysis) and hyperfunctional type (hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm type of Major syndrome). Treatment of hemifacial spasm often requires surgical craniotomy and microvascular decompression, while severe Major syndrome requires expensive deep brain electrostimulation. Facial nerve block or radiofrequency ablation performed by the pain department is safer, more effective, convenient and economical to treat facial nerve dysfunction. Objective: To formulate an expert consensus on facial nerve block to better promote the homogeneous treatment technology of facial nerve block and radiofrequency ablation. Methods: Chinese pain experts in facial nerve block and radiofrequency treatment were organized to systematically review the anatomy and physiological functions of the facial nerve, sort out the clinical manifestations of facial nerve dysfunction, and reach expert consensus on the indications, contraindications, operating procedures, and prevention and treatment of related complications of facial nerve block and radiofrequency treatment based on the relevant literature and expert experience of facial nerve block and radiofrequency treatment. Conclusion: The consensus of Chinese pain experts on facial nerve block can provide a relatively authoritative and systematic guidance document for nerve block and radiofrequency treatment of facial nerve dysfunction diseases, so as to facilitate the better promotion and application of this technology.
Abstract: Background: Facial nerve dysfunction is divided into hypofunctional type (facial paralysis) and hyperfunctional type (hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm type of Major syndrome). Treatment of hemifacial spasm often requires surgical craniotomy and microvascular decompression, while severe Major syndrome requires expensive deep brain electrostimulati...
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Review Article
Interpretation and Implementation Prospects of Expert Consensus on Comprehensive Anesthetic Therapy for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
173-181
Received:
11 August 2026
Accepted:
20 August 2026
Published:
11 September 2026
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication deficits, stereotyped behaviors, and restricted interests, which seriously affects children’s developmental functioning and imposes heavy burdens on families and society. Although comprehensive anesthetic therapy has been increasingly adopted for the clinical intervention of autism spectrum disorder in children, the lack of unified clinical criteria has limited its standardized and widespread application. To fill this clinical gap and standardize relevant diagnosis and treatment practices, the Therapeutics Group of the Anesthesiology Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association developed the Expert Consensus on the Clinical Application of Comprehensive Anesthetic Therapy in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in 2025, which was published in Guangdong Medical Journal. This consensus systematically elaborates the core clinical specifications for comprehensive anesthetic therapy for pediatric ASD, covering indications, contraindications, therapeutic principles, standardized intervention procedures, and multidisciplinary collaboration systems. Based on available clinical evidence, the consensus recommends low-concentration sevoflurane inhalation as the core intervention and establishes a multimodal comprehensive treatment system that combines stellate ganglion block, neuromodulation, behavioral rehabilitation training, and characteristic traditional Chinese medicine therapies. Focusing on nine key clinical issues in ASD treatment, the consensus formulates seven recommendations with explicit evidence grades and recommendation strengths. It provides clinicians with a standardized, rigorous and systematic therapeutic framework, offers reliable evidence for clinical decision-making, and serves as a valuable reference for the standardized clinical development of comprehensive anesthetic therapy for ASD.
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication deficits, stereotyped behaviors, and restricted interests, which seriously affects children’s developmental functioning and imposes heavy burdens on families and society. Although comprehensive anesthetic therapy has been increasingly adopte...
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