Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018

Tassew Arega; Belaynesh Demissie; Abel Weldetinsae; Daniel Abera; Melaku Gizaw; Tsegereda Assefa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16

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Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018

Tassew Arega, Belaynesh Demissie, Abel Weldetinsae, Daniel Abera, Melaku Gizaw, Tsegereda Assefa

Published in International Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Volume 3, Issue 1)

Received: 17 April 2019 Accepted: 17 June 2019 Published: 11 July 2019

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Abstract

This retrospective study is aim to examine the Fluoride, Total dissolved solid and Electrical conductivity in drinking water supplies of Ethiopia. The study used 345 water samples data that collected from seven regions plus two administrative cities of the country, which were tested in Environmental Public Health Chemistry Laboratory at Ethiopian Public Health Institute from April 2017 to December 2018 and from these 226, were from well water, 97 from piped and the remaining 22 were from spring water samples. The results of the water samples analysis indicate that the fluoride concentration, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in the water sample varied from 0.0 mg/L to 16.96mg/L, 0.25 mg/L to 3360mg/Land 2.04 µS/cm to 4430µS/cm respectively. Generally in analyzed data, 33.6% (n = 76), 55.8% (n=126) and 54.4% (n=123) of the well water samples, 60.8% (n = 59), 99% (n=96) and 99% (n=96) of the piped water samples and 68.2% (n=15), 91% (n=20) and 91% (n=20) of the spring water samples are below 0.5 mg/L, 500mg/l and 700 µS/cm of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration respectively. on the other hand, 24% (n = 54), 9.3% (n=21) and 8.4% (n=19) of the well water samples, 7.2% (n = 7), 1% (n=1) and 1% (n=1) of the piped water samples and 4.6% (n = 1), 4.6% (n = 1) and 4.6% (n = 1) of the spring water samples had fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration higher than WHO and national standards maximum allowable concentration (i.e. 1.5mg/l, 1000mg/L and 1500µS/cm) respectively. According to the result obtained, the water sources require a sustainable corrective action in order to alleviate the effect of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in human health. Hence, the result of this retrospective study will use as base to health authorities as well as other responsible body for the management of water supply regarding fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Volume 3, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16
Page(s)	43-52
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Total Dissolved Solid, Electrical Conductivity, Fluoride, Piped Water, Well Water, Spring Water, Drinking Water and Ethiopia

References

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APA Style

Tassew Arega, Belaynesh Demissie, Abel Weldetinsae, Daniel Abera, Melaku Gizaw, et al. (2019). Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 3(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16

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ACS Style

Tassew Arega; Belaynesh Demissie; Abel Weldetinsae; Daniel Abera; Melaku Gizaw, et al. Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018. Int. J. Environ. Chem. 2019, 3(1), 43-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16

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AMA Style

Tassew Arega, Belaynesh Demissie, Abel Weldetinsae, Daniel Abera, Melaku Gizaw, et al. Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018. Int J Environ Chem. 2019;3(1):43-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16,
  author = {Tassew Arega and Belaynesh Demissie and Abel Weldetinsae and Daniel Abera and Melaku Gizaw and Tsegereda Assefa},
  title = {Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Chemistry},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {43-52},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijec.20190301.16},
  abstract = {This retrospective study is aim to examine the Fluoride, Total dissolved solid and Electrical conductivity in drinking water supplies of Ethiopia. The study used 345 water samples data that collected from seven regions plus two administrative cities of the country, which were tested in Environmental Public Health Chemistry Laboratory at Ethiopian Public Health Institute from April 2017 to December 2018 and from these 226, were from well water, 97 from piped and the remaining 22 were from spring water samples. The results of the water samples analysis indicate that the fluoride concentration, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in the water sample varied from 0.0 mg/L to 16.96mg/L, 0.25 mg/L to 3360mg/Land 2.04 µS/cm to 4430µS/cm respectively. Generally in analyzed data, 33.6% (n = 76), 55.8% (n=126) and 54.4% (n=123) of the well water samples, 60.8% (n = 59), 99% (n=96) and 99% (n=96) of the piped water samples and 68.2% (n=15), 91% (n=20) and 91% (n=20) of the spring water samples are below 0.5 mg/L, 500mg/l and 700 µS/cm of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration respectively. on the other hand, 24% (n = 54), 9.3% (n=21) and 8.4% (n=19) of the well water samples, 7.2% (n = 7), 1% (n=1) and 1% (n=1) of the piped water samples and 4.6% (n = 1), 4.6% (n = 1) and 4.6% (n = 1) of the spring water samples had fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration higher than WHO and national standards maximum allowable concentration (i.e. 1.5mg/l, 1000mg/L and 1500µS/cm) respectively. According to the result obtained, the water sources require a sustainable corrective action in order to alleviate the effect of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in human health. Hence, the result of this retrospective study will use as base to health authorities as well as other responsible body for the management of water supply regarding fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018
AU  - Tassew Arega
AU  - Belaynesh Demissie
AU  - Abel Weldetinsae
AU  - Daniel Abera
AU  - Melaku Gizaw
AU  - Tsegereda Assefa
Y1  - 2019/07/11
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
SP  - 43
EP  - 52
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1460
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16
AB  - This retrospective study is aim to examine the Fluoride, Total dissolved solid and Electrical conductivity in drinking water supplies of Ethiopia. The study used 345 water samples data that collected from seven regions plus two administrative cities of the country, which were tested in Environmental Public Health Chemistry Laboratory at Ethiopian Public Health Institute from April 2017 to December 2018 and from these 226, were from well water, 97 from piped and the remaining 22 were from spring water samples. The results of the water samples analysis indicate that the fluoride concentration, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in the water sample varied from 0.0 mg/L to 16.96mg/L, 0.25 mg/L to 3360mg/Land 2.04 µS/cm to 4430µS/cm respectively. Generally in analyzed data, 33.6% (n = 76), 55.8% (n=126) and 54.4% (n=123) of the well water samples, 60.8% (n = 59), 99% (n=96) and 99% (n=96) of the piped water samples and 68.2% (n=15), 91% (n=20) and 91% (n=20) of the spring water samples are below 0.5 mg/L, 500mg/l and 700 µS/cm of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration respectively. on the other hand, 24% (n = 54), 9.3% (n=21) and 8.4% (n=19) of the well water samples, 7.2% (n = 7), 1% (n=1) and 1% (n=1) of the piped water samples and 4.6% (n = 1), 4.6% (n = 1) and 4.6% (n = 1) of the spring water samples had fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration higher than WHO and national standards maximum allowable concentration (i.e. 1.5mg/l, 1000mg/L and 1500µS/cm) respectively. According to the result obtained, the water sources require a sustainable corrective action in order to alleviate the effect of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in human health. Hence, the result of this retrospective study will use as base to health authorities as well as other responsible body for the management of water supply regarding fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity.
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Tassew Arega

Applied Chemistry, Environmental Public Health Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Belaynesh Demissie

Applied Chemistry, Environmental Public Health Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abel Weldetinsae

Environmental Science, Environmental Public Health Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Daniel Abera

Environmental Science, Environmental Public Health Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Melaku Gizaw

Environmental Science, Environmental Public Health Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tsegereda Assefa

Environmental Science, Environmental Public Health Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Tassew Arega, Belaynesh Demissie, Abel Weldetinsae, Daniel Abera, Melaku Gizaw, et al. (2019). Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 3(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16

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ACS Style

Tassew Arega; Belaynesh Demissie; Abel Weldetinsae; Daniel Abera; Melaku Gizaw, et al. Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018. Int. J. Environ. Chem. 2019, 3(1), 43-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16

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AMA Style

Tassew Arega, Belaynesh Demissie, Abel Weldetinsae, Daniel Abera, Melaku Gizaw, et al. Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018. Int J Environ Chem. 2019;3(1):43-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16,
  author = {Tassew Arega and Belaynesh Demissie and Abel Weldetinsae and Daniel Abera and Melaku Gizaw and Tsegereda Assefa},
  title = {Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Chemistry},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {43-52},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijec.20190301.16},
  abstract = {This retrospective study is aim to examine the Fluoride, Total dissolved solid and Electrical conductivity in drinking water supplies of Ethiopia. The study used 345 water samples data that collected from seven regions plus two administrative cities of the country, which were tested in Environmental Public Health Chemistry Laboratory at Ethiopian Public Health Institute from April 2017 to December 2018 and from these 226, were from well water, 97 from piped and the remaining 22 were from spring water samples. The results of the water samples analysis indicate that the fluoride concentration, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in the water sample varied from 0.0 mg/L to 16.96mg/L, 0.25 mg/L to 3360mg/Land 2.04 µS/cm to 4430µS/cm respectively. Generally in analyzed data, 33.6% (n = 76), 55.8% (n=126) and 54.4% (n=123) of the well water samples, 60.8% (n = 59), 99% (n=96) and 99% (n=96) of the piped water samples and 68.2% (n=15), 91% (n=20) and 91% (n=20) of the spring water samples are below 0.5 mg/L, 500mg/l and 700 µS/cm of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration respectively. on the other hand, 24% (n = 54), 9.3% (n=21) and 8.4% (n=19) of the well water samples, 7.2% (n = 7), 1% (n=1) and 1% (n=1) of the piped water samples and 4.6% (n = 1), 4.6% (n = 1) and 4.6% (n = 1) of the spring water samples had fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration higher than WHO and national standards maximum allowable concentration (i.e. 1.5mg/l, 1000mg/L and 1500µS/cm) respectively. According to the result obtained, the water sources require a sustainable corrective action in order to alleviate the effect of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in human health. Hence, the result of this retrospective study will use as base to health authorities as well as other responsible body for the management of water supply regarding fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Fluoride, Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity in Drinking Water Supplies Analyzed in EPHI from April 2017 to December 2018
AU  - Tassew Arega
AU  - Belaynesh Demissie
AU  - Abel Weldetinsae
AU  - Daniel Abera
AU  - Melaku Gizaw
AU  - Tsegereda Assefa
Y1  - 2019/07/11
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
SP  - 43
EP  - 52
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1460
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20190301.16
AB  - This retrospective study is aim to examine the Fluoride, Total dissolved solid and Electrical conductivity in drinking water supplies of Ethiopia. The study used 345 water samples data that collected from seven regions plus two administrative cities of the country, which were tested in Environmental Public Health Chemistry Laboratory at Ethiopian Public Health Institute from April 2017 to December 2018 and from these 226, were from well water, 97 from piped and the remaining 22 were from spring water samples. The results of the water samples analysis indicate that the fluoride concentration, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in the water sample varied from 0.0 mg/L to 16.96mg/L, 0.25 mg/L to 3360mg/Land 2.04 µS/cm to 4430µS/cm respectively. Generally in analyzed data, 33.6% (n = 76), 55.8% (n=126) and 54.4% (n=123) of the well water samples, 60.8% (n = 59), 99% (n=96) and 99% (n=96) of the piped water samples and 68.2% (n=15), 91% (n=20) and 91% (n=20) of the spring water samples are below 0.5 mg/L, 500mg/l and 700 µS/cm of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration respectively. on the other hand, 24% (n = 54), 9.3% (n=21) and 8.4% (n=19) of the well water samples, 7.2% (n = 7), 1% (n=1) and 1% (n=1) of the piped water samples and 4.6% (n = 1), 4.6% (n = 1) and 4.6% (n = 1) of the spring water samples had fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity concentration higher than WHO and national standards maximum allowable concentration (i.e. 1.5mg/l, 1000mg/L and 1500µS/cm) respectively. According to the result obtained, the water sources require a sustainable corrective action in order to alleviate the effect of fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity in human health. Hence, the result of this retrospective study will use as base to health authorities as well as other responsible body for the management of water supply regarding fluoride, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity.
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
ER  -

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