Research Article
A New Gravitational-Electromagnetic Theory: Resolving General Relativity's Light Speed Anomaly with Bose-Einstein Condensates
Wim Vegt*
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
1-8
Received:
23 December 2025
Accepted:
5 January 2026
Published:
26 January 2026
Abstract: This study re-evaluates the fundamental principles of Einstein's General Relativity, particularly its cornerstone assumption of a constant speed of light in a vacuum, in light of experimental evidence demonstrating significant light deceleration. The pivotal 2006 experiment by Lene Hau and her team, achieving near-zero light speed in a Bose-Einstein Condensate, challenges the universality of 'c' and necessitates a reassessment of gravitational theories predicated on its constancy. Here is a re-evaluation of the existing framework by introducing the concept of 'Intrinsic Equilibrium,' this research proposes an alternative approach integrating gravitational and electromagnetic interactions more comprehensively. This work formulates the Intrinsic Field Equation and the Coupling Field Equation to describe these interactions, offering a potential resolution to the conflict between observed light behaviour in extreme conditions and the established framework of General Relativity. Experimental validation will be pursued through satellite-based and ground-based measurements, seeking deviations from General Relativity's predictions. This research advocates for a paradigm shift towards a more integrated understanding of gravity and electromagnetism, potentially resolving long-standing inconsistencies between General Relativity and quantum mechanics.
Abstract: This study re-evaluates the fundamental principles of Einstein's General Relativity, particularly its cornerstone assumption of a constant speed of light in a vacuum, in light of experimental evidence demonstrating significant light deceleration. The pivotal 2006 experiment by Lene Hau and her team, achieving near-zero light speed in a Bose-Einstei...
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Research Article
Investigation of Solar Eclipse-induced Variations in Total Electron Content over Ethiopia During 26 January 2009 and 20 March 2015
Debrie Ayalew*,
Shambel Gizachew,
Melkamu Habtamu
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
9-19
Received:
25 March 2026
Accepted:
7 May 2026
Published:
26 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijhep.20261201.12
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Abstract: Solar eclipses provide unique opportunities to study how the ionosphere responds to rapid changes in the ionization rate. The partial solar eclipse of January 26, 2009, and the partial solar eclipse of March 20, 2015, offered opportunities to understand ionospheric electron density variations along the annularity path during solar minimum and geomagnetic quiet periods. For this analysis, various ground-based GPS stations located along the annularity line were selected and divided into three major regions: namely, Bahir Dar, Arbaminch, and Robe stations. We analyzed the temporal and spatial vertical total electron content (VTEC) variations before, during, and after these events, while comparing the observed changes between the two eclipse periods. On January 26, the eclipse day, a noticeable depression in VTEC is observed during the eclipse interval, which began at 04: 57 UT, reached its maximum obscuration (55 - 65% coverage) at 07: 59: 44 UT, and ended around 09: 55 UT. This reduction corresponds to the temporary decrease in solar radiation reaching the Earth’s ionosphere. The VTEC variations observed over the Bahir Dar station during January 25-27, 2009, clearly demonstrate the ionospheric response. On the non-eclipse days (January 25 and 27, 2009), the TEC followed a normal diurnal trend, increasing after sunrise, peaking around midday, and decreasing toward night. In contrast, on the eclipse day, the TEC curve shows a pronounced depression during the eclipse interval. The comparison of TEC variation on consecutive days reveals that, on the reference day of 19 March 2015 (before the eclipse), the maximum VTEC was approximately 26 TECU. In contrast, on 20 March 2015 (the eclipse day), the maximum VTEC was approximately 24 TECU. This clearly demonstrates the effect of the partial solar eclipse on March 20, 2015, over BDR. The VTEC variations observed at the BDR station on 20 March 2015 show an approximate 20% reduction, corresponding to the temporary decrease in solar radiation reaching Earth's ionosphere.
Abstract: Solar eclipses provide unique opportunities to study how the ionosphere responds to rapid changes in the ionization rate. The partial solar eclipse of January 26, 2009, and the partial solar eclipse of March 20, 2015, offered opportunities to understand ionospheric electron density variations along the annularity path during solar minimum and geoma...
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