Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Combustion Furnace of the Delayed Coking Unit by Manipulating the Parameters that Affect the Furnace Efficiency
Mahmoud Adam Hassan Salih,
Ahmed Abd Alazeem Mohammed,
Basil Yousif Khalifa,
Fatima Omar Elamin,
Nihad Omer Hassan
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
18-30
Received:
13 August 2018
Accepted:
17 September 2018
Published:
19 October 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajqcms.20180202.11
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Abstract: Furnaces and fired heaters provide the energy associated with running hydrocarbon processes and chemical plants. they are required to maximize heat delivery of the process-side feed while minimizing fuel consumption, as well as Maximize heat delivery with varying fuel quality, and Minimize heater structural wear which caused by operation. Furthermore, minimize stack emissions and Maximize safety integrity levels. In this study the suitable and best way to gain high efficiency of the furnace has been determined by manipulating the parameters that affect in efficiency of the furnace which is represented in: The effect of excess air and stack temperature on furnace efficiency, the effect of preheating the inlet air on furnace efficiency, and the effect of nitrogen to oxygen ratio in combustion air on the efficiency. Aspen exchanger design and rating (EDR) was used to design fired heater and the results were used in aspen HYSYS to determine the effect of these parameters consequently obtaining the best effective way for high efficiency which represent in reducing the percent of nitrogen. This study also includes controlling and monitoring three major parameters: (Fuel gas/fuel oil pressure, Excess air and Furnace draft fan), and using excel sheets for estimating the Cost of the furnace.
Abstract: Furnaces and fired heaters provide the energy associated with running hydrocarbon processes and chemical plants. they are required to maximize heat delivery of the process-side feed while minimizing fuel consumption, as well as Maximize heat delivery with varying fuel quality, and Minimize heater structural wear which caused by operation. Furthermo...
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Physicochemical Studies of Public Hand-Pump Borehole Water in Onueke, Ezza Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Onuorah Samuel,
Nwoke John,
Odibo Frederick
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
31-38
Received:
22 August 2018
Accepted:
4 October 2018
Published:
27 October 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajqcms.20180202.12
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Abstract: Physicochemical studies were carried out on fifteen public hand–pump borehole water in Onueke, Ezza South Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria during the dry and rainy seasons to determine their suitability for drinking using standard physicochemical techniques. The physical characteristics measured were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, borehole depth, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and total solids while the chemical characteristics studied were total alkalinity, total hardness, total chlorides, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, sulphates and nitrates. The heavy metals determined were lead, copper, iron and zinc. The results showed that the water samples complied with theWorld Health Organization Standard for potable water in terms of the physical and chemical characteristics except the pH and total hardness of some of them which were above the permissible limits. In addition, the values for lead during both seasons were above the limit recommendedby regulatory bodies. Correlation analysis showed that the temperature, total chlorides and nitrates were significant (P<0.05) indicating that the parameters were affected by seasonal variation. There is the urgent need to treat the affected water from the boreholes to avert any health hazard that might arise from their consumption. Sand filtration, addition of lime as well as periodic physicochemical analysis of the water from such boreholes is recommended.
Abstract: Physicochemical studies were carried out on fifteen public hand–pump borehole water in Onueke, Ezza South Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria during the dry and rainy seasons to determine their suitability for drinking using standard physicochemical techniques. The physical characteristics measured were temperature, pH, electrical conduc...
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Determination of Nuclear Structure Effects on Atomic Spectra by Applying Rayleigh–Schrödinger Perturbation Theory
Aliyu Adamu,
Muhammad Hassan,
Mohammed Kyari Dikwa,
Salamatu Ahmad Amshi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
39-51
Received:
29 August 2018
Accepted:
11 September 2018
Published:
11 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajqcms.20180202.13
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Abstract: In this work, we applied the first order time independent Rayleigh–Schrödinger Perturbation Theory, as an approximation method to calculate numerically the corrections in atomic spectra due to nuclear structure effects. The results showed that the nuclear structure effects distort the atomic spectra in different ways: The combined fine structure effect which decreases with increasing values of n, split the quantum number n into l±½ and the magnitude of the energy levels shift is of order of 10-6 eV relative to the energy levels calculated from the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation. An energy level determined by the total angular momentum j of the orbiting electron are found to split further due to hyperfine structure effects with the energy difference of 5.9 × 10-6 eV. This corresponds to a wavelength is 21cm. The energy shift between 2 s 1/2 and 2 p 1/2 states due to the effects of vacuum fields on orbiting electron was calculated as 5.52 × 10-6 eV. We then continue to investigate the change in atomic spectra caused by the finite size nuclear structure effects. The finite-size nuclear structure effect on atomic spectra computed is of order of the scaling factors, ξ, ξ2 and ξ3 for n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3 atomic energy levels respectively. This showed that as the energy levels increased the effects of the finite – size nucleus on the orbiting electron is diminishing. Therefore the concept of finite nuclear size model has an extremely small impact on atomic spectra. These theoretical findings revealed some of the behavior of atomic spectra which may develop the understanding of spectroscopy and spectroscopic methods.
Abstract: In this work, we applied the first order time independent Rayleigh–Schrödinger Perturbation Theory, as an approximation method to calculate numerically the corrections in atomic spectra due to nuclear structure effects. The results showed that the nuclear structure effects distort the atomic spectra in different ways: The combined fine structure ef...
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