Research Article
Masculinity as the Main Element of the Identity of a Worthy Woman in Iranian Tradition - Case Study of Samak Ayyar and Hossain Kurd
Hamida Hossaini*
,
Eid Mohammad Fallah
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2025
Pages:
1-8
Received:
13 March 2025
Accepted:
18 April 2025
Published:
14 May 2025
Abstract: Just as in the ancient Iranian culture, being a man was a set of physical and moral traits and it was extended in the Islamic era, in Persian epic texts after Islam, this attribute maintained its value. Many women can be seen among the male characters of epic stories. The positive character of the women in these stories, while maintaining the physical characteristics and female morals, have some traits that are specific to the concept of masculinity in Iranian culture. This issue continues as a historical sequence in epic texts from the early centuries after Islam to the late pre-modern centuries. This research seeks to examine the issue of what place the characteristic of masculinity has had in the definition of female identity in Persian epic texts? To examine this issue in detail, two famous epic texts of Samak Ayyar and Hossain Kurd have been selected so that the stability and change of this identity can be evaluated based on the time interval between them. According to the findings of this research, courage and warrior ship, which are the most basic characteristics of the concept of masculinity in Iran, have been extended as an important part of the meritorious attribute for women in both texts.
Abstract: Just as in the ancient Iranian culture, being a man was a set of physical and moral traits and it was extended in the Islamic era, in Persian epic texts after Islam, this attribute maintained its value. Many women can be seen among the male characters of epic stories. The positive character of the women in these stories, while maintaining the physi...
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Research Article
Effects of Farm Yard Manure and NPS Fertilizer Rates on Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) at Bale Highlands and Mid-Altitude
Chala Gutema*,
Gemechu Ijigu
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2025
Pages:
9-17
Received:
27 December 2024
Accepted:
26 May 2025
Published:
29 May 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.advances.20250601.12
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Abstract: Garlic is one of the most vital plant in the world, coming in second after onions in terms of significance and production. However, due to inadequate agronomic methods, a lack of enhanced varieties, diseases, and insect pests, productivity per hectare is low. Hence, an on-farm experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of various NPS fertilizer and FYM rates on the growth and yield of garlic, as well as to determine the most cost-effective amounts of farm yard manure and NPS fertilizer for garlic cultivation. Four levels of factorial combinations were used in the treatments of FYM (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5tons ha-1) and five rates of NPS (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200kg ha-1), and were set up using three replications by randomized complete block design (RCBD). The greatest plant height (70.50cm) was noted at 150kg NPS ha-1, which was statistically comparable with 200 and 100kg NPS ha-1. The maximum bulb weight (30.77g) was achieved from 0.5 tone FYM ha-1 and 150kg NPS ha-1. The highest yield (12.91 tone ha-1) was obtained from 0.5 tone FYM ha-1 and 150kg NPS ha-1, while the lowest yield (9.76tone ha-1) was obtained from garlic that did not receive any FYM or NPS. The economic evaluation also indicated that the maximum net return of 2,316,300 ETB ha-1, with a marginal rate of return of 308.84%, was achieved using 0.5 ton FYM ha-1 and 150kg NPS ha-1. Consequently, depending on the findings of the yield, growth and economic evaluation, the use of 0.5 ton FYM ha-1 and 150kg NPS ha-1 can be provisionally suggested to farmers cultivating in the research region.
Abstract: Garlic is one of the most vital plant in the world, coming in second after onions in terms of significance and production. However, due to inadequate agronomic methods, a lack of enhanced varieties, diseases, and insect pests, productivity per hectare is low. Hence, an on-farm experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of various NPS fertilize...
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