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Research Article
Thermodynamic Analysis in Brake Pad Adhesive Layer of the Disk Brake
Ju Song Jong,
Phyong Il Jang,
Jun Il Jin,
Chol Hyok Song,
Kwang Il Ri*
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-6
Received:
2 November 2025
Accepted:
20 November 2025
Published:
7 January 2026
Abstract: It is inevitable that the temperature at the braking pads is increasing during the braking phase. It not only reduces the friction coefficient of the pad but also affects the adhesion between the brake pad and the steel fixing plate, which can have a critical effect on the braking performance. To enhance the adhesion efficiency and reduce the amount of adhesive, this study has been conducted at the simulation of the coupled thermal-stress in the adhesive layer between the brake and the fixing plate during braking to determine the optimum adhesive layer structure. The simulation analysis was carried out using ABAQUS, a finite element analysis (FEA) software. The brake pad material is the carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and silicon carbide composite (C/C-SiC), high-performance friction material. As adhesives for adhesion of the brake pad and steel fixing plate, Araldite 2011 was coated on the inclined-check adhesive layer (with width of 7 mm and space of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mm) and the analysis of thermal-stress simulation was carried out on the adhesive layer. The suitable spacing dimensions of adhesive layer which is thermo-mechanically stable saving adhesives were determined. The result is 4 mm (maximum Mises stress 47.6 MPa and saving 60% of adhesives).
Abstract: It is inevitable that the temperature at the braking pads is increasing during the braking phase. It not only reduces the friction coefficient of the pad but also affects the adhesion between the brake pad and the steel fixing plate, which can have a critical effect on the braking performance. To enhance the adhesion efficiency and reduce the amoun...
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Research Article
Extraction and Characterization of Essential Oils from Lemongrass and Artemisia absinthium for Perfume Formulation
Wabi Reggassa Boggale*
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
7-12
Received:
20 November 2025
Accepted:
2 December 2025
Published:
7 January 2026
Abstract: Perfume extraction is the process of isolating fragrant compounds from raw materials using methods like distillation, solvent extraction, expression, or enfleurage. In this work, essential oil, which is suitable for perfume formulation, is extracted from lemongrass with the help of solvent extraction method. The experiment was conducted by varying the time of extraction. The yield of oil was measured for samples produced by setting the extraction time at 4hr, 8hr and 10hr. The extracted essential oil was incorporated into a perfume formulation with the addition of a fixative and a carrier solvent. The Perfume preparation was done by taking different ratio of notes; these notes are top notes, middle note and base notes respectively. The highest yield I obtained from the experiment (0.83%) conducted for the time duration of 10hr from 70g of lemongrass. As time passes, the ethanol solvent evaporates, leaving the essential oil concentrated in the mixture. In this study the essential oil which was obtained for extraction time of 10hrs was characterized for properties such as boiling point, stain test and physical properties. The success of this work could stimulate the growth of the perfume industry and create job opportunities by utilizing locally available, low-cost raw materials.
Abstract: Perfume extraction is the process of isolating fragrant compounds from raw materials using methods like distillation, solvent extraction, expression, or enfleurage. In this work, essential oil, which is suitable for perfume formulation, is extracted from lemongrass with the help of solvent extraction method. The experiment was conducted by varying ...
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Research/Technical Note
Effect of Board Thickness on Physico-mechanical Properties of Bio-polymer Tiles Reinforced with Shea Nutshell Dust and Enhanced with Kaolinite
Oyewumi Racheal Omolade*
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
13-23
Received:
2 March 2025
Accepted:
13 March 2025
Published:
20 January 2026
Abstract: This study investigates the production and mechanical properties of bio-plastic tiles using a composite mixture of Shea Nut Shell (SNS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and clay. The mixtures were extruded and compressed into bio-plastic tiles of two different sizes: (19 × 9 × 2.5) cm and (19 × 9 × 5.0) cm. To assess the influence of particle size and composition on tile properties, SNS was processed into 1 mm and 2 mm geometrical sizes and combined in four different weight-to-weight proportions: 90/10/100, 80/20/100, 70/30/100, and 60/40/100 (SNS/clay/plastic). The study examined the effects of particle size and composition ratio on key physical and mechanical properties, including density, flexural strength, flexural modulus, compression strength, and impact bending resistance. Additionally, the influence of tile thickness and inter-structural material arrangement on mechanical performance was analyzed using a factorial experimental design. The results showed density values ranging from 2.95g/cm3 to 4.07g/cm3, with variations in flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact bending, and compression across different compositions. Structural analysis revealed that the 90/10/100 ratio exhibited superior bonding cohesion and compatibility, leading to enhanced mechanical properties. The findings indicate that the investigated factors significantly influenced the performance of bio-plastic tiles. The mechanical values obtained in this study align with standard requirements for construction materials, suggesting that these tiles are suitable for use in pavement pathways with both low and high load-bearing capacities.
Abstract: This study investigates the production and mechanical properties of bio-plastic tiles using a composite mixture of Shea Nut Shell (SNS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and clay. The mixtures were extruded and compressed into bio-plastic tiles of two different sizes: (19 × 9 × 2.5) cm and (19 × 9 × 5.0) cm. To assess the influence of particle siz...
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Research Article
Enhancing Mechanical Biodegradable Bioplastic Performance of Taro Starch Composites with Castor Oil, Stearic Acid, and Egg White
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
24-33
Received:
18 November 2025
Accepted:
5 December 2025
Published:
20 January 2026
Abstract: Optimizing bioplastics from renewable resources is crucial for addressing global plastic pollution. This is done to address the waste problem that has severely disrupted the environment because it cannot degrade in the soil for hundreds of years. This research, based on taro starch and other polymer materials, is expected to address the impact of plastic waste in the future. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ratio of bioplastic materials and the type of plasticizer and to determine the best treatment and its characteristics. This taro starch-based bioplastic research was combined with carrageenan and glucomannan at ratios of 25:75 and 50:50 (total material 6 grams) and with 3 types of plasticizers: castor oil, stearic acid, and egg white, each 1 gram. The observed bioplastic variables included mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation, and elasticity, as well as biodegradability, and functional group analysis for the best treatment. The results showed that the treatment of bioplastic material ratio and plasticizer type showed an effect on the variables of tensile strength, elongation at break, elongation and did not affect biodegradation. The best bioplastic was formulated with a ratio of taro starch and carrageenan of 25:75 and 1% castor oil with characteristics of tensile strength of 18.33 MPa; elongation of 4.96%, and complete biodegradation in 6 days. Although it did not meet the SNI (Indonesian Standart National) mechanical property standards, this composite showed potential as an environmentally friendly packaging material. Further optimization of plasticizer concentration and crosslinking strategy is recommended to improve its performance.
Abstract: Optimizing bioplastics from renewable resources is crucial for addressing global plastic pollution. This is done to address the waste problem that has severely disrupted the environment because it cannot degrade in the soil for hundreds of years. This research, based on taro starch and other polymer materials, is expected to address the impact of p...
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