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Enhancement of Biogas Yield from Cow Dung and Rice Husk Using Guano as Nitrogen Source
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
66-72
Received:
1 March 2015
Accepted:
13 March 2015
Published:
9 April 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijrse.20150403.11
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Abstract: The study reports on the influence of nitrogen source on the biogas yield from cow (N'Dama) dung and rice husk. The digester performance for both feedstocks were evaluated using standard parameters such as; initial PH, water dilution, nitrogen source (guano and poultry droppings) and heavy metals. The source of innoculum used was cow rumen fluid. The result show that for feedstock to water dilution ratio of 1:6 w/v and initial pH of 7.0, the maximum biogas yield for rice husk was 430 mL/day and 350 mL/day for cow dung. The heavy metals (Ni2+ and Zn2+) increased the biogas yield while Fe2+ (100 ppm) shows no effect. Addition of guano results in maximum production rate of 85 mL/day and 60 mL/day in rice husk and cow dung respectively. The use of guano indicates more biogas production rate in both feedstocks compared to poultry droppings.
Abstract: The study reports on the influence of nitrogen source on the biogas yield from cow (N'Dama) dung and rice husk. The digester performance for both feedstocks were evaluated using standard parameters such as; initial PH, water dilution, nitrogen source (guano and poultry droppings) and heavy metals. The source of innoculum used was cow rumen fluid. T...
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Evaluation of Indoor Environment System’s Strategy for Airport Buildings
Abdulhameed Danjuma Mambo,
Mahroo Eftekhari,
Thomas Steffen
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
73-84
Received:
21 February 2015
Accepted:
9 March 2015
Published:
22 April 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijrse.20150403.12
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Abstract: Airport terminals are energy intensive buildings. They are mostly thought to operate on a 24/7 scale and so indoor environment systems run on full schedules and do not have fine control based on detailed passenger flow information. While this assumption of round-the-clock operation may be true for the public areas of the airport building and so opportunity for complete shut-down of HVAC and lighting systems are limited especially in a busy airport terminals, there are many passenger exclusive area within the airport in which occupancy varies strictly with flight schedules. This paper presents the results of indoor environment measurement and flight schedules to identify such opportunities and to implement energy conservation measure in the passenger exclusive areas of the airport building. It also uses building simulation to assess the benefits of such energy saving interventions in terms of comfort, energy and carbon emission savings.
Abstract: Airport terminals are energy intensive buildings. They are mostly thought to operate on a 24/7 scale and so indoor environment systems run on full schedules and do not have fine control based on detailed passenger flow information. While this assumption of round-the-clock operation may be true for the public areas of the airport building and so opp...
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Study on Energy Efficiency and Measurement of CO2 Emissions on Buildings: A Case Study in Hebei, China
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
85-91
Received:
14 December 2014
Accepted:
16 March 2015
Published:
24 April 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijrse.20150403.13
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Abstract: Research on energy efficiency and measurement of CO2 emissions on buildings, is crucial for taking countermeasures against climate change and identifying low carbon pattern in buildings of Hebei. Energy efficiency directly influence CO2 emissions. This paper presents two measurement methods of CO2 emissions, including the measurement from top-down using energy balance sheet and the measurement from bottom-up regarding structure decomposition of energy consumption of various service demand. Meanwhile, this study decomposes the energy consumption of buildings into detailed categories of service demands to explain energy efficiency, such as cooling, household appliance, domestic hot water and cooking in urban and rural residence except for central heating. Results reveal that energy consumption and CO2 emissions in urban, rural and public buildings maintain continuous growth reaching a highest year-increasing rate 18.07% in 2010. Specifically, public buildings show an extreme increasing rate with a total CO2 emissions of 208.45 million tons. Besides, CO2 emissions in cooling and cooking reach higher than other service demand. Eventually, policy implications are provided to mitigate the growth of CO2 emissions and identify energy efficiency strategies in Hebei.
Abstract: Research on energy efficiency and measurement of CO2 emissions on buildings, is crucial for taking countermeasures against climate change and identifying low carbon pattern in buildings of Hebei. Energy efficiency directly influence CO2 emissions. This paper presents two measurement methods of CO2 emissions, including the measurement from top-down ...
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Removal of Phenol and Parachlorophenol from Synthetic Wastewater Using Prepared Activated Carbon from Agricultural Wastes
Muzher Mahdi Ibrahem AL-Doury,
Suha Sameen Ali
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
92-101
Received:
9 April 2015
Accepted:
25 April 2015
Published:
9 May 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijrse.20150403.14
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Abstract: The aim of the present study is to remove Phenol and Parachlorophenol from synthetic wastewater using prepared activated carbon from agricultural wastes (rice husk, (RH) date stones, (DS) and palm fronds, (PF)) utilizing chemical and physical activation methods. Three principal operating parameters have been considered which are activation temperature, activation time, and impregnation ratio. The results showed that the activated carbon prepared from rice husk by chemical method at a temperature of 700 ̊ C, activation time of 3 hours, and impregnation ratio of 3: 1 gives highest removal of phenol and Parachlorophenol. The results also showed that the activated carbon prepared by physical method from rice husk gives higher removal efficiency for phenol and Parachlorophenol than that of activated carbon prepared from date stones and palm fronds. The results also showed that the rate of removal of Phenol and Parachlorophenol increases with the increase of activation temperature, activation time, and impregnation ratio. The highest removal of phenol and Parachlorophenol are (84.38% and 94.65%) respectively. Application of the most prominent adsorption models shows acceptable agreement with Langmuir and Temkin models. Maximum adsorption capacity for the prepared activated carbon is found to be 39 mg/g and 38.82 mg/g for Phenol, 44.64 mg/g and 44.94 mg/g for Parachlorophenol respectively.
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to remove Phenol and Parachlorophenol from synthetic wastewater using prepared activated carbon from agricultural wastes (rice husk, (RH) date stones, (DS) and palm fronds, (PF)) utilizing chemical and physical activation methods. Three principal operating parameters have been considered which are activation temperat...
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Comparison of District Heating Systems Used in China and Denmark
Lipeng Zhang,
Oddgeir Gudmundsson,
Hongwei Li,
Svend Svendsen
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
102-116
Received:
23 December 2014
Accepted:
27 December 2014
Published:
11 May 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijrse.20150403.15
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Abstract: China has one of the largest district heating (DH) markets in the world with total district heat sales in 2011 amounting to 2,810,220 TJ. Nevertheless, it still has great potential for further expanding its DH supply, due to rapid urbanization and the demand to improve the quality of life. However, the current DH system in China is in great need of system improvements, technology renovation, and optimization of operations and management. As one of the world’s leading countries in terms of DH supply, Denmark has state-of-the-art DH technologies and rich experience in the design and operation of DH systems. Experiences learned from the Danish DH system are useful for improving the current Chinese DH system. This article provides an overview of the technological differences between the two countries, focusing on: a) heat generation, b) the DH distribution network, c) DH network control, and d) the end consumer. The paper looks at the obvious differences between these two countries in terms of DH supply and concludes that there is significant, achievable potential for improvement regarding both energy efficiency and user comfort in the Chinese DH system, through technological advancement and implementing the operational know-how of more modern DH systems.
Abstract: China has one of the largest district heating (DH) markets in the world with total district heat sales in 2011 amounting to 2,810,220 TJ. Nevertheless, it still has great potential for further expanding its DH supply, due to rapid urbanization and the demand to improve the quality of life. However, the current DH system in China is in great need of...
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Three-phase Matrix Converter Applied to Wind Energy Conversion System for Wind Speed Estimation
Alaa Eldien M. M. Hassan,
Mahmoud A. Sayed,
Essam E. M. Mohamed
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2015
Pages:
117-124
Received:
14 April 2015
Accepted:
29 April 2015
Published:
12 May 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijrse.20150403.16
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Abstract: With continuous increasing concerns of the energy issues, renewable energy sources are getting much attention worldwide. This paper presents a full description of the grid-tie Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on interfacing a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) to the utility grid by using the direct AC/AC matrix converter. Due to the random variation of wind velocities, wind speed estimation control technique is used to estimate the wind velocity and extracts the maximum power at all wind velocities. The matrix converter controls the maximum power point tracking MPPT by adjusting the PMSG terminal frequency, and hence, the shaft speed. In addition, the matrix converter controls the grid injected current to be in-phase with the grid voltage for the unity power factor. Space Vector Modulation is used to generate the PWM signals of the matrix converter switches. The MPPT algorithm is included in the speed control system of the PMSG. The system dynamic performance is investigated using Matlab/Simulink.
Abstract: With continuous increasing concerns of the energy issues, renewable energy sources are getting much attention worldwide. This paper presents a full description of the grid-tie Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on interfacing a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) to the utility grid by using the direct AC/AC matrix converter. Due ...
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