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Review Article
Review of Energy Policies and Strategies in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities
Yam Krishna Poudel*
,
Rajiv Kumar
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
66-79
Received:
6 March 2025
Accepted:
17 March 2025
Published:
27 April 2025
Abstract: Nepal’s energy sector is at a critical juncture, driven by the need for sustainability, energy security, and economic growth. This research examines Nepal’s energy policies and strategies through PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysis, and a global comparative framework to assess key enablers, barriers, and future directions. The study explores government initiatives in hydropower expansion, renewable energy promotion, and carbon neutrality commitments, assessing their alignment with international energy transition trends. The PESTLE analysis evaluates political stability, economic viability, social implications, technological advancements, legal frameworks, and environmental sustainability in shaping Nepal’s energy landscape. The SWOT analysis identifies strengths such as abundant hydropower resources, weaknesses including seasonal energy variability, opportunities in regional energy trade, and threats posed by climate change and investment constraints. Additionally, a comparative analysis of global energy policies highlights Nepal’s position in the transition toward a low-carbon economy. Findings indicate that while Nepal has made notable progress in renewable energy adoption and policy development, challenges such as regulatory inefficiencies, inadequate grid infrastructure, and financial limitations persist. To ensure long-term energy security and sustainability, Nepal must prioritize effective policy implementation, public-private partnerships, and investment in smart grid technologies. This research provides a comprehensive framework for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers, offering insights into optimizing Nepal’s energy strategies in alignment with global best practices and emerging trends in clean energy development.
Abstract: Nepal’s energy sector is at a critical juncture, driven by the need for sustainability, energy security, and economic growth. This research examines Nepal’s energy policies and strategies through PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysis, and a global comparative framework to assess key enablers, barriers, and future directions. The study explores government ...
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Research Article
A Breakthrough for Photovoltaic Solar Energy in the Energy Mix: The Case of Rural Electrification in the Northern Part of Cameroon
Deli Goron*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
80-87
Received:
2 April 2025
Accepted:
15 May 2025
Published:
6 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsge.20251402.12
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Abstract: Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Cameroon, face major challenges in terms of access to electricity, particularly in rural areas. A large proportion of the rural population does not have access to a reliable source of energy, which limits the economic and social development of these regions. Existing conventional energy sources, such as hydropower or oil-fired power plants, are often unsuitable for remote areas due to high transport and infrastructure costs. Cameroon enjoys abundant sunshine throughout the year. The government of Cameroon has therefore identified solar PV as a promising option for the rural electrification of 1,000 villages. Of the 350 solar power plants already delivered, the North of Cameroon has received 92 plants, representing 72% (38341.8 kWp) of the country's solar installations and 20% of the region's electricity supply in its energy mix, if we include the 2 large solar power plants in Guider and Maroua, each with a capacity of 15 MWp. Approximately 2,21712 rural households could therefore have access to electricity, with an average per capita energy supply of between 431 and 578 kWh/inhabitant/year in the rural areas benefiting from the first and second phase installations, compared to an estimated national average consumption of 280 kWh/inhabitant/year.
Abstract: Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Cameroon, face major challenges in terms of access to electricity, particularly in rural areas. A large proportion of the rural population does not have access to a reliable source of energy, which limits the economic and social development of these regions. Existing conventional energy sources, such as...
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Research Article
Navigating Towards 2050: Evaluating the UK's Net-Zero Emission Ambitions
Samuel Wandeto Mathagu*,
Kingori Kamondo
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
88-98
Received:
1 February 2025
Accepted:
3 May 2025
Published:
11 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsge.20251402.13
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Abstract: Background: Despite the huge efforts and ambitious climate policy in the United Kingdom, the critical question remains – will the UK achieve the Net-Zero emission target by 2050? This research addresses this research question by analysing the measures, policies and actions undertaken towards the ambitious goals. Methods: The study conducts an analysis of various trends so far, and forecasts the trend to 2035 (the new target set in 2021) and by 2050 the net-zero emission target to see the outcome. The study uses secondary data on various greenhouse gas emissions. Descriptive statistics and forecasting techniques are adopted. Results: The results revealed a declining trend of greenhouse gases emission from 1990. The results indicated that on 2035, the total greenhouse gas emission in UK would be 219.95 MtCO2e while that of total CO2 would be 137.19 MtCO2e. The reduction in emission would not have been reduced by 78% as targeted by the CCC, if the same trend and effort is going to be maintained. However, considering the level of emission reduction by 2050, the results indicated that for the total C02 emissions, if the same trend and effort is maintained, the total emission was forecasted to be -74.29 MtCO2e, having achieved the net-zero emission of C02. For the total greenhouse gases emissions, the results indicated that for the year 2050, the emission would be 0.32 MtCO2e, which would be approximately net-zero. This confirms that the net-zero emission target would be achieved by 2050.
Abstract: Background: Despite the huge efforts and ambitious climate policy in the United Kingdom, the critical question remains – will the UK achieve the Net-Zero emission target by 2050? This research addresses this research question by analysing the measures, policies and actions undertaken towards the ambitious goals. Methods: The study conducts an analy...
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Research Article
Thermal Analysis and Simulation of an Uncovered Flat-plate Solar Collector with Parallel Tubes
Deli Goron*,
Ayang Albert,
Roger Ekani
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
99-112
Received:
27 April 2025
Accepted:
8 June 2025
Published:
23 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsge.20251402.14
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Abstract: The use of low-temperature solar thermal energy is of vital importance to households both in temperate zones for heating and in Sahelian zones for domestic hot water. This study focuses on the thermal analysis and simulation of an uncovered flat plate collector with parallel tubes using water as the heat transfer fluid. It is based on the analysis of the thermal performance and the careful selection of each component of the system, namely the coating, the absorber, and the insulator, to obtain optimal operation of the solar collector. The equations are presented in such a way that they can be easily solved by programming in the structured language MATLAB. The Newton-Raphson method was used to determine the temperature of the absorber wall after obtaining a nonlinear equation. Unlike stainless steel and Aluminum, the copper absorber does not store enough energy in itself, but transmits most of the energy flow to the heat transfer fluid, resulting in outlet temperatures of 82.62°C from a 2m tube, making copper the most suitable material for an absorber. TINOX and black chrome are better quality coatings, with a tube outlet temperature of 82.9°C, while that of the selective black plate is 80.12°C. The study also involved a comparative analysis of the thermal system with four types of insulation at the tube outlet. The water temperature ranged from 81.56°C to 82.32°C with insulation, meanwhile it was 73.37°C without insulation. As the fluid inlet temperature approaches ambient temperature, collector efficiency increases until it attains a maximum value of 62%.
Abstract: The use of low-temperature solar thermal energy is of vital importance to households both in temperate zones for heating and in Sahelian zones for domestic hot water. This study focuses on the thermal analysis and simulation of an uncovered flat plate collector with parallel tubes using water as the heat transfer fluid. It is based on the analysis ...
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Research Article
Analysis of the Energy Supply and Demand of Solar PV Plants Installed in Rural Areas of the Far North Region of Cameroon
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
113-125
Received:
15 May 2025
Accepted:
30 May 2025
Published:
23 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsge.20251402.15
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: In Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity access is severely limited in rural areas, despite the abundance of sunlight. This poses a significant challenge to rural electrification initiatives, which are crucial for sustainable development. In light of this, the government of Cameroon has initiated the deployment of several solar power plants in rural regions. However, there is sometimes an imbalance between energy supply and demand, depending on the power plant's installed capacity and the size of the population. A life-cycle study is therefore being carried out in rural areas of Cameroon's Far North region with solar power plants. The study involves analyzing the balance between electricity supply and four modes of electricity consumption. These modes depend on the percentage of households that subscribe to a subscription: 100%, 50%, or 30%. The final scenario considers the International Energy Agency's (IEA) projections, wherein each Cameroonian is expected to consume 280 kWh/person/year. The findings suggest that the solar power plants installed are oversized for low-voltage domestic use, even in scenarios where 100% of households subscribe. It is only possible to achieve a balance between supply and demand from the 23rd year of operation in densely populated localities, and only if all households subscribe. If all households hold a combined domestic and non-domestic subscription, it is anticipated that demand will exceed supply between the first and seventh years of operation. The validity of this forecast is contingent upon two key variables: installed capacity and population density. Should 50% of households subscribe, it is estimated that solar power plants will encounter difficulties within the 8 to 13-year timeframe. Consequently, solar power plants will be capable of supplying less than 30% of households until the conclusion of the project.
Abstract: In Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity access is severely limited in rural areas, despite the abundance of sunlight. This poses a significant challenge to rural electrification initiatives, which are crucial for sustainable development. In light of this, the government of Cameroon has initiated the deployment of several solar power plants in rural regi...
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