Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Quark Mass Generation of Fermions
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2022
Pages:
1-4
Received:
30 December 2021
Accepted:
18 January 2022
Published:
11 March 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ep.20220601.11
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Abstract: It has been shown earlier that the measure of entanglement between two nearest neighbor spins ina spin system given by concurrence is related to the Berry phase acquired by the ground state whenit evolves in a closed path. The significant aspect of this quantization procedure is that it has the specific property of coordinate independence and is governed by geometry. It has been pointed out that this formulation is equivalent to the geometric quantization where the Hermitian line bundle takes a significant role. Also it has been shown that this procedure has its relevance in the quantization of a fermionin the framework of Nelson’s stochastic quantization procedurewhen a spinning particle is endowed with an internal degree of freedom through a direction vector (vortex line) which is topologically equivalent to a magnetic flux line. In view of this specific feature of the role of magnetic field in all these formulations of quantization procedure it is expected that the peculiar property of entanglement in quantum mechanics has its relevance with the magnetic flux associated with the quantization procedure. In a seminal paper Berry has shown that when a quantum particle moves in a closed path in a parameter space it attains a geometric phase apart from the dynamical phase. It is here argued that as the Berry phase is related to chiral anomalyentanglement leads to topological mass generation through this anomaly. It is pointed out thatwhen a spin 1 state is considered to be an entangled system of two spin 1/2 states, the maximallyentangled state corresponds to the longitudinal component and gives rise to mass leading to gaugesymmetry breaking.
Abstract: It has been shown earlier that the measure of entanglement between two nearest neighbor spins ina spin system given by concurrence is related to the Berry phase acquired by the ground state whenit evolves in a closed path. The significant aspect of this quantization procedure is that it has the specific property of coordinate independence and is go...
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Modeling the Behavior of a Photovoltaic Generator Using a Four-Parameter Electrical Model
Abdouramani Dadjé,
Fabrice Kwefeu Mbakop,
Dieudonné Marcel Djanssou,
Ruben Zieba Falama
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2022
Pages:
5-12
Received:
18 May 2022
Accepted:
8 June 2022
Published:
16 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ep.20220601.12
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Abstract: Photovoltaic solar energy consists of the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity by means of solar cells. These cells, electrically interconnected in series and/or in parallel, form the photovoltaic generator (GPV). The efficiency of the GPV is influenced by the irradiation and the temperature. In the intertropical zone, these two atmospheric factors vary rapidly and considerably influence the efficiency of the photovoltaic generator. This paper highlights the characteristics of the four-parameter cell photovoltaic generator when these two parameters (irradiance and/or temperature) vary rapidly. The simulation results obtained with the MATLAB/SIMULINK software show that with the four-parameter model the response time of the generator is proportional to the variation of the irradiance, i.e. the irradiance perturbation has an almost instantaneous effect on the current delivered by the photovoltaic generator and, when the temperature increases, the maximum power decreases, which confirms the correlation between these parameters. In fact, it can be seen that the developed model gives results close to the values provided by the manufacturers (five parameters) for amorphous, monocrystalline and polycrystalline cells with relative errors varying between 0.015 and 1.26%. The response time of the PV generator obtained with this model is 2 ms. The evaluation of the simulation method was also performed.
Abstract: Photovoltaic solar energy consists of the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity by means of solar cells. These cells, electrically interconnected in series and/or in parallel, form the photovoltaic generator (GPV). The efficiency of the GPV is influenced by the irradiation and the temperature. In the intertropical zone, these two atmospher...
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Laser Beam Joining of the Material Pairings Aluminum/Polyamide and Aluminum/Polyvinylchloride
Christian Lamberti,
Peter Böhm
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2022
Pages:
13-19
Received:
1 May 2022
Accepted:
25 May 2022
Published:
30 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ep.20220601.13
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Views:
Abstract: The article presents a process optimization of laser beam joining of the material pairings EN AW-6082 (AlSi1MgMn)/polyamide 6.6 and EN AW-6082/polyvinylchloride hard. The materials selection focuses on their distinct mechanical and electrical properties. Al and PA-6.6 are both widely used but dissimilar light-weighting materials for engineering applications, while Al and PVC represent the combination of a weldable electrical conductor with typical insulation material. The contrariety of these materials potentially acts complementary as highly integrated hybrid structures. However, this dissimilarity also poses distinct challenges to joining polymers with metals. Usually, the material pairing aluminum/plastic has been bonded for industrial applications in the recent past. The investigations provide information on the influence of various parameters on the joint and the individual joining partners themselves and which combination offers the best joining results. In addition, it is shown that specific pre-treatment methods of the test materials, especially for aluminum, can significantly increase the joining quality and offer further optimization potential. Furthermore, the complexity of such an optimization process becomes apparent because it is not only limited to the parameter variation of the laser. The periphery design, such as the sample clamping and the pre-treatment of the joining partners, are similarly essential adjustment parameters. The laser-joined specimens are compared in a tensile test against conventionally bonded specimens for their mechanical-technological properties. It can be shown that the shear strength of joined specimen is significantly higher in comparison to the bonded specimen. Thereby an alternative to conventional bonding processes can be offered. Moreover, the extremely short process time of laser beam joining combined with instant handling is particularly attractive for industrial applications. The laser joining process described in this article aims to contribute to the future development of laser-based multi-material additive manufacturing technologies. In this way, the envisioned direct joining principle could enable the production of highly integrated parts of unseen complexity.
Abstract: The article presents a process optimization of laser beam joining of the material pairings EN AW-6082 (AlSi1MgMn)/polyamide 6.6 and EN AW-6082/polyvinylchloride hard. The materials selection focuses on their distinct mechanical and electrical properties. Al and PA-6.6 are both widely used but dissimilar light-weighting materials for engineering app...
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