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Investigation of Pesticides Residues in Some Medicinal Plants Collected from Local Markets in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Yahia Y. Mosleh,
Elsayed M. Nafea,
Omar A. Almagrabi,
Ali Alkaladi
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
67-71
Received:
2 July 2016
Accepted:
12 July 2016
Published:
30 August 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.11
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Abstract: Pesticides residues were estimated in some commonly used medicinal plants collected from different markets in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,these are; (Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinals L. & Sage; Salvia officinals L.), family Lamiaceae, (Anise; Pimpinella anisum L., Caraway, Carum carvi L. & Cumin; Cuminum cyminum L.) family Apiaceae, (Cinnamon; Cinnamomum verum L.) family Lauraceae, (Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe. ) family Zingiberaceae and (Tea ; Camellia sinensis L.) family Theaceae. It was found thatMalathion,Pirimiphos-methyl and profenofos predominated in most all investigated samples while fungicides were detected only in Cumin and Caraway samples in the form of azole compounds .(tebuconazole, propiconazole, flusilazole, difenoconazole) carbamate compounds (carbendazim) and other fungicides(iprodione, azoxystrobin, metalaxyl, flusilazole, thiophanate-methyl,ticyclazole, kresoxim-methyl and pendimethalin). Insecticides were dominated in Cumin, Caraway, Anise, Rosemary, Tea and Sage samples and mainly organophosphates (malathion, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, pirimiphos-methyl, ethion. The Ginger samples were free from pesticides while Cinnamon samples showed only the chloropyrifos <LOQ But in Anise difenoconazoleit was only in <LOQ. The medicinal plants and natural herbs must be used after the application of safety experiments and safety tests. It is recommended that everycountry use medicinal plants and spices (collected from natural habitats or cultivated) should have at least one control laboratory capable of performing the determination of pesticides residues and give a license for safety to be used in safe manner.
Abstract: Pesticides residues were estimated in some commonly used medicinal plants collected from different markets in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,these are; (Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinals L. & Sage; Salvia officinals L.), family Lamiaceae, (Anise; Pimpinella anisum L., Caraway, Carum carvi L. & Cumin; Cuminum cyminum L.) family Apiaceae, (Cinnamon; Cinnamomum ...
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Observations on the Population Characters of Eared Horse Mussel, Modiolus auriculatus (Krauss, 1848) in the Red Sea, Egypt
Fatma A. Abdel Razek,
Salah E. Abdel-Gaid,
Hamdy O. Ahmed,
El Sayed A. E. Hamed,
Mohamed M. Abu-Zaid,
Tarek A. A. Mohammed
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
72-75
Received:
25 June 2016
Accepted:
22 July 2016
Published:
5 September 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.12
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Abstract: The population analysis of 240 Modiolus auriculatus individuals collected from the Red Sea showed that its size ranged from 1.36 cm to 6.02 cm in shell length. During spring and summer seasons, most abundant shell size groups of average shell length 4.0 cm, 5.0 cm and 6.0 cm were observed. While during autumn and winter seasons the groups of 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm were found in the population. Sex ratio (males to females) being 1.2:1 and the proportion of sexes in all size groups did not differ significantly from 1:1. The seasonal meat yield values are higher in spring and summer than these values during autumn and spring seasons. This looked to be related to gonad condition more than the somatic growth of the animal.
Abstract: The population analysis of 240 Modiolus auriculatus individuals collected from the Red Sea showed that its size ranged from 1.36 cm to 6.02 cm in shell length. During spring and summer seasons, most abundant shell size groups of average shell length 4.0 cm, 5.0 cm and 6.0 cm were observed. While during autumn and winter seasons the groups of 1.5 cm...
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Ecological Risk Assessment of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Qua Iboe River Estuary, South-South, Nigeria
Eno Anietie Moses,
Bassey Annie Etuk,
Essien Daniel Udosen
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
76-81
Received:
7 August 2016
Accepted:
12 September 2016
Published:
14 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.13
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Abstract: This study sought to assess ecological risk of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments collected from Qua Iboe River Estuary (QIRE).Sediment samples were collected from five stations and a control station along the estuary in the dry and wet seasons. PAHs in sediments were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionisation detector (GC/FID), and ecological risk on benthic organisms exposed to PAHs in sediment were evaluated using threshold effect concentration hazard quotient (TEC-HQ) and mean effect range median quotient (m –ERM-q) method prescribed by USEPA. The concentration of high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) in the dry season ranged from1.225E-03 to 1.328E-01 whereas during the wet season it ranged from 2.420E-03 to 7.690E-02. The were no significant differences (P<0.05) between the PAH levels for the wet and dry seasons.The results for the TEC-HQ and m –ERM-q values of HMW-PAHs for both seasons were less than the threshold values of 1 and 0.1, respectively. Hence, exposure to PAHs in sediments from QIRE may not pose any adverse biological effect on benthic organisms. However, regular monitoring of the level of HMW-PAHs in the sediment within QIRE is advocated to avoid bioaccumulation of organic pollutants.
Abstract: This study sought to assess ecological risk of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments collected from Qua Iboe River Estuary (QIRE).Sediment samples were collected from five stations and a control station along the estuary in the dry and wet seasons. PAHs in sediments were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionisati...
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Toxic Effect of Textile Dyeing Effluents on Germination, Growth, Yield and Nutritional Quality of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Mohammed Bin Sadek,
Jahidul Hassan,
Hasib Bin Saif,
Avijit Biswas,
Shifat Sultana
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
82-87
Received:
30 August 2016
Accepted:
13 October 2016
Published:
21 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.14
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Abstract: An experiment was conducted to find out the toxic effect of textile dyeing effluents on germination and seedling stage for the production of okra. There were eight treatments comprising seven stages of textile dyeing effluents along with ground water as control treatment for irrigation purpose and okra (Lady’s finger) was used as plant material. In most of the cases ground water irrigation (T1 treatment) treated plant showed the best result regarding plant characteristics such as germination percentage (100 %), fresh (92.43 g) and dry (10.20 g) weight of plant, yield/plant (67.97 g) which were statistically similar to neutralization treatment (T5). On the contrary mixed effluent from equalization tank (T8 treatment) showed the lowest result of germination percentage (66.67 %), fresh (57.87 g) and dry (5.78 g) weight of plant and yield/plant (24.64 g). T1 treatment showed the highest amount of ascorbic acid (1.34 mg/100 g) and β-carotene (0.08 mg/100 g) and T8 treatment showed the lowest amount (0.65 mg/100 g and 0.02 mg/100 g respectively). The accumulation of heavy metals such as Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb accumulated in fruits at the rate of 3.95-9.73, 3.34-9.61, 4.43-11.31 and 2.79-8.72 ppm respectively. Among these T2 (7.52 ppm), T4 (6.57 ppm), T7 (9.73 ppm) and T8 (7.85 ppm) treated sample containing Zn; T2 (10.33 ppm), T4 (8.39 ppm), T7 (11.31 ppm) and T8 (8.67 ppm) treated sample containing Cu and T2 (8.23 ppm), T3 (8.09 ppm), T4 (4.20 ppm), T6 (6.30 ppm), T7 (6.19 ppm) and T8 (8.72 ppm) treated sample containing Pb exceed the WHO recommended permissible limit that bears the most concerning issues for human health hazards.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to find out the toxic effect of textile dyeing effluents on germination and seedling stage for the production of okra. There were eight treatments comprising seven stages of textile dyeing effluents along with ground water as control treatment for irrigation purpose and okra (Lady’s finger) was used as plant material. In...
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Occupational Toxicological Characteristics of LLM-105 Explosives
Yu Weifei,
Liao Longyu,
Chen Feilan,
He Mingzhong,
Tan Dongmei,
Fan Guijuan,
Hao Shilong,
Lu Huanchang
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
88-93
Received:
7 September 2016
Accepted:
12 October 2016
Published:
28 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.15
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Abstract: LLM-105, a novel nitro-substituted explosive, was evaluated for its occupational toxicological characteristics. Acute oral toxicity tests showed that the maximum tolerated dose should be 8% concentration (gastric irrigation 20mL/kg) and the minimum lethal dose should be 10% (gastric irrigation 20mL/kg). Acute dermal toxicity tests showed that LD50 should be more than 2000 mg/kg. Acute eye irritation tests showed that only slight irritations were found. Skin sensitization tests showed that slight allergic reactions were found. It was suggested that LLM-105 should be generally slightly toxic under normal process which should be positive as preliminary evaluation for occupational protection.
Abstract: LLM-105, a novel nitro-substituted explosive, was evaluated for its occupational toxicological characteristics. Acute oral toxicity tests showed that the maximum tolerated dose should be 8% concentration (gastric irrigation 20mL/kg) and the minimum lethal dose should be 10% (gastric irrigation 20mL/kg). Acute dermal toxicity tests showed that LD50 ...
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Haemotoxic and Genotoxic Potential of Lead on the Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis
Rashad E. M. Said,
Samy A. Saber,
Alaa G. M. Osman
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
94-102
Received:
14 October 2016
Accepted:
17 November 2016
Published:
17 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.16
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Abstract: Many populations of amphibians are declining on all six continents on which they occur. The reason for the declines is a direct response to the habitat destruction and pollution including heavy metals. Heavy metals represent a major environmental problem of increasing concern. They are generally found at very low concentrations. They are difficult to remove from the environment and cannot be chemically or biologically degraded. Some heavy metals like lead seem to lack biological functions and extremely toxic even at low concentrations. This study was aimed to investigate the haemotoxic and genotoxic potential of lead using blood parameters, the frequencies of micronuclei, and nuclear lesions in erythrocytes of Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis as biomarkers. The results of this work revealed that Pb was potentially accumulated in liver and muscles based on dose received. Toad exposed to the selected doses of lead produced dose – dependent significant increases in the concentration of lead in the liver and muscle, confirming the ability of Amietophrynus regularis to take up and accumulate heavy metals from their ambient habitat. The results of the present investigation showed that the lead treatment inflicted a drastic reduction in the means of RBCs, haemoglobin, and haematocrit values in addition to remarkable increase in WBCs, impairing the major blood parameters in this investigation. Correlation analysis has demonstrated a negative effect of Pb accumulation on RBCs count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit. Oppositely, Pb in muscles and liver exhibited a positive effect in WBCs count. In this study, higher incidences of micronuclei (MN) and nuclear lesions (NL) were found in the blood of toad exposed to lead doses. Such frequencies were significantly elevated with the increasing lead doses. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the investigated heavy metals in tissues and the induction of micronucleated RBCs and nuclear abnormalities in Amietophrynus regularis. The results of this study confirm the usefulness of the erythrocyte MN and NL as powerful monitoring tools for detecting genotoxic agents in aquatic and terrestrial environment.
Abstract: Many populations of amphibians are declining on all six continents on which they occur. The reason for the declines is a direct response to the habitat destruction and pollution including heavy metals. Heavy metals represent a major environmental problem of increasing concern. They are generally found at very low concentrations. They are difficult ...
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Limbs Asymmetry as Biomarker in the Egyptian Toad Amietophrynus regularis Exposed to Atrazine and Nitrates
Samy A. Saber,
Boshra A. ElSalkh,
Aml S. Said,
Rashad E. M. Said,
Ali G. Gadel-Rab
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
103-110
Received:
31 October 2016
Accepted:
17 November 2016
Published:
17 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.17
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Abstract: Many amphibians occupy appositional roles between different animal taxa; despite this, many species are threatened with decline and extinction. Several and different contributors and factors were previously reviewed to contribute amphibian disappearance. Between those factors are chemical pollution, heavy metals, climate change, disease, etc. The most commonly used index of developmental instability is fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as a feature of environmental impact was also reviewed. F.A is the variance in right minus left values of bilaterally symmetrical structures. The results indicate that individuals exposed to atrazine or that exposed to both atrazine and nitrate exhibit a significantly higher degree of FA (p<0.01) while FA measured in individuals treated only with nitrate was not significant (p<0.05) These results constitute the first assessment of FA in this species in Egypt and suggest that the degree of FA in skeletal traits cane be a useful indicator of the degree of environmental stress experienced by amphibian populations.
Abstract: Many amphibians occupy appositional roles between different animal taxa; despite this, many species are threatened with decline and extinction. Several and different contributors and factors were previously reviewed to contribute amphibian disappearance. Between those factors are chemical pollution, heavy metals, climate change, disease, etc. The m...
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Effect of Probiotic and Synbiotic Food Supplementation on Growth Performance and Healthy Status of Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844)
Mohamed Mohamed Toutou,
Ali Ali Ali Soliman,
Mahmoud Mahrous Sayed Farrag,
Ahmed ElSayed Abouelwafa
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
111-117
Received:
24 October 2016
Accepted:
17 November 2016
Published:
20 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.18
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Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effect of probiotic (yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus) and synbiotic (Microban aqua®) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, biochemical composition, blood parameters, gut pathogens and stress response of the fingerlings of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Results indicated an enhancement in growth and feed utilization for all fish groups fed by probiotic followed by synbiotic compared with the control group. The biochemical analyses exhibited significant decrease in moisture contents in fish fed probiotic. The obvious increment in lipid contents was reported for in fish fed synbiotic. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels indicated positive effects when fish fed probiotic. Also, results exhibited decrease in serum cholesterol levels in the groups that treated with probiotic (bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus and yeast). The tolerance to gut pathogens and stress test has been enhanced in all fish groups fed with probiotic followed by synbiotic compared to the control group. The present results indicated the effectiveness of food Supplementation with Probiotic and Synbiotic in fish diet with the preference of probiotic to improve the growth Performance and Healthy Status of fishes particularly Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella.
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effect of probiotic (yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus) and synbiotic (Microban aqua®) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, biochemical composition, blood parameters, gut pathogens and stress response of the fingerlings of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Results ind...
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New Statistical Approach to Spatial Analysis of Ecosystem of the Sasyk Reservoir, Ukraine
Sophia Barinova,
Olena Bilous,
Natalia Ivanova
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
118-126
Received:
30 October 2016
Accepted:
30 November 2016
Published:
21 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.19
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Abstract: This study represents a new statistical mapping approach in surface ecological mapping on the basis of environmental and phytoplankton data of the Sasyk Reservoir, formerly an estuary of the Black Sea coast. Ecological maps were constructed with the help of new tools in Statistica 12.0 Program. Bioindication groups and environmental variables in data mapping helped us to characterize the studied reservoir in summer 2013 as moderate temperature, fresh water, low acid and low alkaline, standing – low-streaming water, with medium amounts of oxygen, medium pollution, Class III of water quality, eutrophic, mainly with moderate concentrations of organic bounded nitrogen. The impact of coming elements affecting the reservoir ecosystem were revealed as the Sarata and Kogylnik rivers for water pH and organic pollution, and the Danube canal as the source of water salinity and available nitrogen. The central part of the reservoir was indicated as having the most unstable community with a large phytoplankton biomass and the lowest Shannon index. A new approach to surface mapping is so easy that we can recommend it for monitoring the Sasyk Reservoir ecosystem in combination with bioindication.
Abstract: This study represents a new statistical mapping approach in surface ecological mapping on the basis of environmental and phytoplankton data of the Sasyk Reservoir, formerly an estuary of the Black Sea coast. Ecological maps were constructed with the help of new tools in Statistica 12.0 Program. Bioindication groups and environmental variables in da...
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Ecology of Invasive Species in Saudi Arabia, Calotropis procera (Ait) W.T. Ait.: Floristic Composition and Associated Plant Communities
Yassin Mohamed Al-Sodany,
Nawar Sunaydih Al-Juaid,
Anwar Abdel-Karim Kahil
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
127-140
Received:
20 October 2016
Accepted:
29 November 2016
Published:
27 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.20
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Abstract: The present study aims at evaluating the state of Calotropis procera to adapt different environmental conditions; surveying the associated wild plants and recognizing the plant communities which are associated with it. Seventy five stands were selected along Taif region and its adjacent area to represent the environmental variations that are associated with the distribution of Calotropis procera. The abundance of species, life forms, chorotype and economic uses were determined. Two trends of multivariate analysis were applied: classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination (DECORANA). The total number of recorded species associated with Calotropis procera in the study area is 55 species belonging to 48 genera and 27 families. 74.5% of the recoded species are perennials and 25.5% are annuals. The families Fabaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae have the highest contributions followed by Asteraceae and Zugophyllaceae. Chamaephytes life form had the highest contribution followed by therophytes, phanerophytes and gephytes, while hemicryptophytes were the lowest. The economic uses of the recorded species could be arranged descendingly as follows: grazing → medicinal→ fuel → other uses→human food. The mono-regionals species were the highest followed by pluri-regional species, while the bi-regional and cosmopolitans were the lowest. Ten of the mono-regional species are Sudano-Zambezian species and 6 species are belonging to Saharo-Arabian and Mediterranean regions. The application of TWINSPAN on the cover estimates of 55 species recorded in 75 stands led to the recognition of 7 vegetation groups (A: Themeda triandra, B: Cynodon dactylon, C: Commicarpus ambiguus, D: Amaranthus viridis, E: Acacia tortilis, F: Argemone ochraleuca and G: Verbesina encelioides groups).
Abstract: The present study aims at evaluating the state of Calotropis procera to adapt different environmental conditions; surveying the associated wild plants and recognizing the plant communities which are associated with it. Seventy five stands were selected along Taif region and its adjacent area to represent the environmental variations that are associ...
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Interactive Effect of Trichoderma viride on Broad Bean (cv. Vicia faba L.) Genotypes Grown Under Different Salinity Stress Conditions
Abdel Kareem S. H. Mohamed,
Mahmoud G. Mahmoud,
Abd El-Monem M. Sharaf
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, December 2016
Pages:
11-141
Received:
23 November 2016
Accepted:
7 December 2016
Published:
5 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.21
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Abstract: An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the interaction effect of Trichoderma viride for their possible role in imparting stress resistance and provide insight in to the potential of broad bean (cv. Vicia faba L.) genotypes to adapt to saline conditions. For this, broad bean genotypes (Assiut1, Assiut16 and Assiut159) were treated with different salinity stress levels (00, 75, 150 and 250 mM NaCl) singly or in combination with Trichoderma in the presence of salinity. In the obtained results, the overall plant growth parameters such as shoot fresh, dry weight and physiological, bio-chemical activities and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and peroxidase) were measured after 27 days of plant harvest. The interaction results showed that the effect of salinity stress was significantly reduced due to application of Trichoderma in terms of plant growth or in the case of Na+ accumulation in plant cells. In defense related physiological, biochemical and antioxidant enzyme activity also showed marked increase due to single or in combination of Trichoderma with salinity. Moreover, the interactive effects of Trichoderma were more pronounced in increasing overall growth, reducing transport of Na+ from root to shoot to save cytoplasm from the toxic effect of salinity and bringing about defense related physiological, biochemical, antioxidant enzyme activities in the tested-broad bean genotypes.
Abstract: An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the interaction effect of Trichoderma viride for their possible role in imparting stress resistance and provide insight in to the potential of broad bean (cv. Vicia faba L.) genotypes to adapt to saline conditions. For this, broad bean genotypes (Assiut1, Assiut16 and Assiut159) were treated with differen...
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