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Water Quality Analysis of Nekemte Town Water Supply
Motuma Shiferaw,
Jiregna Nugusa,
Megersa Tegegne
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
35-43
Received:
26 May 2021
Accepted:
14 July 2021
Published:
2 August 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20210502.11
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Abstract: This study aimed to assess and compare water quality of Nekemte Town water supply with WHO standards and suggest suitable solutions for water quality problem. Certain physical and chemical water quality parameters like turbidity, color, odor, electrical conductivity, pH, sulfates, iron and manganese, zinc, copper, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, chromium, and similar parameters were examined in water quality laboratory to check quality of Nekemte town water supply. To check water quality of Nekemte Town Water Supply, water sample was collected randomly at different sampling times and different sampling sites. From laboratory work, most of water quality parameters like turbidity, pH, iron and manganese, residual chlorine content were found not to agree with the standard set by WHO. In case of turbidity analysis, water sample was collected randomly at different sites and different sampling times and the mean turbidity values were 5.1, 4.2 and 6.3NTU. These values do not agree with the WHO standard limit of 5NTU. In similar manner Iron and manganes ewere sampled and analyzed in laboratory at different times and the mean values for iron were found to be 0.547, 0.403 and 0.556mg/L which is greater than the WHO guide value of 0.3mg/L. In similar way, the concentration of manganese was analyzed in water quality laboratory at different sampling times and different sampling sites and the results were 0.4, 0.867 and 0.46mg/L as observed from laboratory result. In addition to this, the study shows that there is color and odor problem in the water supply of the town. On the other hand, water quality parameters like nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, chromium, copper, zinc, potassium, Fluorine were found to agree with the standard set by World Health Organization (WHO). To save the residents of Nekemte Town, the study suggests regular monitoring of water quality should be practiced by municipality of Nekemte town to provide safe drinking water.
Abstract: This study aimed to assess and compare water quality of Nekemte Town water supply with WHO standards and suggest suitable solutions for water quality problem. Certain physical and chemical water quality parameters like turbidity, color, odor, electrical conductivity, pH, sulfates, iron and manganese, zinc, copper, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, chro...
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Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Obotowo William Obot,
Mfon Udo Obot
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
44-50
Received:
28 July 2021
Accepted:
7 August 2021
Published:
27 September 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12
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Abstract: In this work, clay sample excavated from Iba Oku community along Uyo Village road, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was taken to the laboratory and analyzed using standard physico-chemical tests, for its industrial potentials. In the last thirty years or more, there have not been visible activities demanding clay in its various forms as input material in manufacturing activities in Akwa Ibom or even the adjoining States. The reason for this state of affairs may not be unconnected to either complete lack of information or research data on the abundant clays in Akwa Ibom State, particularly the Iba Oku clay. It is therefore in pursuant of the need to stimulate entrepreneurial interest, besides accumulating academic research data, that the current research became pertinent. The sample was first crushed, soaked and decanted, dried in an oven and then sieved. Thereafter, the plasticity, particle texture, grain volume, linear shrinkage, mineralogy and elemental composition were studied using various techniques. The clay sample is composed of the two minerals quartz (80%) and kaolinite (20%) and two dominant elements, silicon at 45.93 weight % and aluminum at 18.90 weight % both comprised approximately 65% weight content. Furthermore, particle textural distribution classifies the sample as inorganic clay soil, its determined plasticity index is 33.1%, porosity is 51.93%, linear shrinkage is 13% and grain volume is 12.82cm3. The findings show that clay sample from the study area is plastic, whitish to light pink colored, free of accessory mineral impurities, kaolinitic but with very high non-clay quartz content. This makes it suitable as raw material to obtain a triaxial ceramic when mixed with feldspar for industrial production of ceramic floor tiles.
Abstract: In this work, clay sample excavated from Iba Oku community along Uyo Village road, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was taken to the laboratory and analyzed using standard physico-chemical tests, for its industrial potentials. In the last thirty years or more, there have not been visible activities demanding clay in its various forms as input material in ma...
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Analysis for Involute Spur Gears, the Bendings and Pittings Stress on Gears
Oladejo Kolawole Adesola,
Oriolowo Kolawole Taofik,
Abu Rahaman,
Ibitoye Oluwasanmi
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
51-59
Received:
24 June 2021
Accepted:
28 July 2021
Published:
30 September 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20210502.13
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Abstract: There are some constraints which affect the design of involute designs such as scoring wear, interference, bending stress, strength, pitting resistance etc. The concentration is focused on spur gear sets which are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The method of using manual calculations applied by gear designers and manufacturers to determine the bending and pitting stress on gears is time consuming, inefficient and can easily generate errors. This work aims to design gear analytically using AGMA standard, determimining the bending and contact stresses on the gear teeth usingComputer Aided and Computer Engineering Softwares to make gear stress calculations. Parameters in the AGMA stress equations were determined numerically, with MATLAB and Visual Studio software which was used to create graphical user interfaces that allows the bending and pitting stress on gears to be easily and accurately calculated. Results from the test performed showed that the bending fatigue strength in both the asymmetric tooth form and optimized fillet form is higher than that of baseline designs. There is a significant increment in scuffing resistance in the asymmetric tooth form when compared with a conventional symmetric involute tooth design. A variety of bending and pitting stresses of spur and helical gears problem can be handled by the created software, which can be useful for the gear designers, educaitional institutes and likes in gear problems.
Abstract: There are some constraints which affect the design of involute designs such as scoring wear, interference, bending stress, strength, pitting resistance etc. The concentration is focused on spur gear sets which are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The method of using manual calculations applied by gear designers and manufacturers to ...
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Design of an Agricultural Cutter Using the Theory of a Four-Bar Mechanism
Ltaief Lammari,
Sana Ben Khlifa,
Idress Chnini,
Ahmed Bennsir,
Hassen Kharroubi
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
60-65
Received:
26 July 2021
Accepted:
12 August 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20210502.14
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Abstract: Cutting green or dry crops requires the use of cutter bars or cutter bars, minimizing fruit loss as much as possible and also adapts with the geometry, in particular the terrain of the potatoes during the weeding phase. Currently, two types of cutter bars are fitted to mowers, combine harvesters, hedge trimmers, etc. Among these two types, single blade cutter bars are the oldest and most common while the more recent double-blade cutter bars remain the most efficient despite all the technological complications which more or less affect their commissioning. Thus during the operation of these machines a very agitated kinetodynamic behavior (presence of fluctuation, shock and vibration), was found compromising the conduct of the cutting operation, the premature wear of the moving parts, the efficiency of the machine and even its survival. The choice of the theme of this work was dictated by general considerations on the project to improve the cutting operation, essentially aimed at reducing the risk of jamming, calming the noisy operation of the unit, eliminating the vibrations which the system is the seat and thus improve the performance of the machine through the design and introduction of a new architecture of the mechanism controlling the movable cutting members.
Abstract: Cutting green or dry crops requires the use of cutter bars or cutter bars, minimizing fruit loss as much as possible and also adapts with the geometry, in particular the terrain of the potatoes during the weeding phase. Currently, two types of cutter bars are fitted to mowers, combine harvesters, hedge trimmers, etc. Among these two types, single b...
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Surface Displacement Detection Using Coherent Laser and Machine Vision
Mario Gonzalez,
Jim Williams,
Claude Ratliff
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
66-71
Received:
6 October 2021
Accepted:
29 October 2021
Published:
5 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20210502.15
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Abstract: Ever since the discovery of the photoelectric theory and other inventions and discoveries, more and more devices that were only thought and designed to be in a laboratory environment since their inception have been migrating into the industrial environment because that environment has evolved and is absorbing laboratory grade equipment for easier inspection and faster, more accurate examinations. As a result, we have shorter analysis times and more exact, accurate, and repeatable measurements utilizing newer and fewer devices. These technologies allow for more advanced devices by merging different and sophisticated programming languages allowing these devices to become more and more versatile and making them easier to integrate with different industries and environments. In this document we intend to describe and explain mathematically and diagrammatically a new digital image processing algorithm considering different physical variables that can be easily adjusted or replaced with new individual components and different processing systems using only light projection, image capturing, and computational processing with all of them working together homogenously to output different and tangible numbers for further and easier analysis. One these different examples is described, tested, analyzed, and explained in detail in this document using only the previously mentioned devices in an industrial environment.
Abstract: Ever since the discovery of the photoelectric theory and other inventions and discoveries, more and more devices that were only thought and designed to be in a laboratory environment since their inception have been migrating into the industrial environment because that environment has evolved and is absorbing laboratory grade equipment for easier i...
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Performance Characteristics of Turbocharged vs. Naturally Aspirated Marine Prime Movers
Donatus Eberechukwu Onwuegbuchunam,
Kenneth Okechukwu Okeke,
Moses Olatunde Aponjolosun,
Sunday Okore
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
72-76
Received:
5 September 2021
Accepted:
18 September 2021
Published:
25 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20210502.16
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Abstract: The International Maritime Organization (IMO), an apex global maritime regulatory body continuously promotes operational strategies aimed at reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions especially from commercial shipping operations. Shipping companies are responding in a number of ways which includes use of turbochargers as engine enhancers to improve fuel consumption efficiency and hence reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Turbochargers are also attached to enhance the output of internal combustion engines without increasing their cylinder capacity. Recent trends have pointed to increasing use of turbochargers as enhancers to prime movers of marine vessels. This paper analysed the relationship between outputs of turbocharged engine and naturally aspirated one employed as marine vessel prime movers. Data on engine parameters of turbocharged engine and the naturally aspirated one were collected from ship operational log and analyzed using mathematical models. Results showed that for the same sizes of marine engines, the turbocharged engine was more efficient than the naturally aspirated one. Specifically, the volumetric efficiency, the brakepower and the specific power were higher in the turbocharged engine when compared with the naturally aspirated one. Findings showed that turbocharged marine diesel engines based on their higher power output efficiency could continue to dominate naturally aspirated ones in marine prime mover applications. It is recommended that all ship operating companies should adopt turbocharger technology or retrofit their existing fleet to improve operational efficiency.
Abstract: The International Maritime Organization (IMO), an apex global maritime regulatory body continuously promotes operational strategies aimed at reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions especially from commercial shipping operations. Shipping companies are responding in a number of ways which includes use of turbochargers as engine enhancers to im...
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