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Brine Recycling: Towards Membrane Processes as the Best Available Technology
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
71-84
Received:
11 June 2019
Accepted:
8 July 2019
Published:
24 July 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.11
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Abstract: For supplying drinking water throughout the world, there has been a huge growth in the usage of desalination factories. Nevertheless, the formation of brine (concentrate) is a complete side of the working of the desalination factory and encounters serious ecological defiance due to its elevated salinity. Thus, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly concentrate handling equipment is needed before its appropriate elimination. Presently, many elimination choices comprising surface water discharge, deep well injection, and evaporation ponds have been employed. Nevertheless, such methods are unsustainable and their application is restricted by an elevated capital cost and exclusive usages. Different traditional techniques comprising physicochemical, oxidation and biological methods with changing degrees of organics elimination have been noted. These days, membrane-based techniques seem to be cost-effective tools for treating brine since they could recuperate worthy resources and generate clean water with elevated recuperation. This review contributes to discussing the actual techniques for brine handling, comprising elimination usages and treatment methods. The features of the concentrate in a matter of water nature and its effect on open water bodies are reviewed. This work presents emerging membrane processes like forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and electrodialysis that are encouraging for reducing brine quantities, in recuperating worthy metals and enhancement of water recuperation. This discussion as well focuses on the reality that integrated membrane processes are better for concentrate handling for metals recuperation jointly with water decontamination in wastewater treatment factories and could attain a zero liquid discharge.
Abstract: For supplying drinking water throughout the world, there has been a huge growth in the usage of desalination factories. Nevertheless, the formation of brine (concentrate) is a complete side of the working of the desalination factory and encounters serious ecological defiance due to its elevated salinity. Thus, a cost-effective and environmentally f...
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Electrocoagulation Process for Microalgal Biotechnology - A Review
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
85-94
Received:
26 June 2019
Accepted:
17 July 2019
Published:
5 August 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.12
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Abstract: As an electrotechnology, electrocoagulation (EC) is founded on the uninterrupted exercise of an external electric field across specified semi-conductive electrodes. This technique may be viewed as a side of a large domain of biotechnological methods and perceived cost-effective and environmentally-friendly in terms of the less intensive application of non-renewable resources and elevated degrees of energetic performance. From this point of view, EC is an encouraging treating system to control several of microalgae's utilization restrictions. Using electric field-founded technologies may include upstream (i.e. electroporation for genetic transformation, inactivation of culture contaminants, and improvement of growth kinetics) and downstream processes (e.g. harvesting and extraction methods). This review gives a thorough information of the present situation of the explicit usage of such methods on microalgal biotechnology, also following tendencies and defies concerning expansions in EC to be used to microalgae manufacturing utilization. Like other electrotechnolgies, EC remains a viable process usable in microalgal biotechnology even if it is based on the destruction of the cells. However, more researches should be planned in the perspective of a large industrial usage of this electrochemical technique.
Abstract: As an electrotechnology, electrocoagulation (EC) is founded on the uninterrupted exercise of an external electric field across specified semi-conductive electrodes. This technique may be viewed as a side of a large domain of biotechnological methods and perceived cost-effective and environmentally-friendly in terms of the less intensive application...
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Design of Continuous Forced Convection Indirect Solar Dryer with Supplementary Heating for the Drying of Agricultural Products: Maize, Mahogany Nuts, Shea Nuts, Mangoes By-products
Madjoyogo Herve Sirima,
Betaboale Naon,
Frederic Bationo,
Sagnaba Raoul Soulama,
Paul Wambua
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
95-101
Received:
13 July 2019
Accepted:
5 August 2019
Published:
19 August 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.13
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Abstract: In this work; we were interested in a drying system with displacement of the material to be dried. The practical aspect of this study is the design of a continuous forced convection indirect solar dryer with auxiliary heating to reduce upstream or downstream failure or in the processing environment of agricultural products. In the rest of our work, we focused on the drying of maize, mahogany nuts, shea nuts, by-products resulting from the processing of mangoes. The parameters to be followed in this design are the flow rate and temperature of the coolant. The choice of devices of this equipment is made according to these two parameters. The particularity of this design is that the electrical elements will be powered by photovoltaic energy which is interconnected with conventional energy to avoid any form of load shedding. At the end of our study, this resolution of the failure in the processing chain of agricultural products will increase the value added of the agricultural sector.
Abstract: In this work; we were interested in a drying system with displacement of the material to be dried. The practical aspect of this study is the design of a continuous forced convection indirect solar dryer with auxiliary heating to reduce upstream or downstream failure or in the processing environment of agricultural products. In the rest of our work,...
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Thermal Regulation in Interconnection of Thermal Plant Steam Circuits: Case of Three Thermal Power Plants of Burkina Faso Northern Ouaga Production Service (Sptn)
Madjoyogo Herve Sirima,
Bétaboalé Naon,
Frédéric Bationo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
102-106
Received:
13 July 2019
Accepted:
5 August 2019
Published:
19 August 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.14
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Abstract: This work is carried out as part of the thermal regulation of our interconnection system. The boilers and steam circuits of the National Electricity power plants have a potential for recoverable steam. The practical aspect of this study is the thermal regulation of the interconnection system in order to avoid against pressures that can lead to catastrophic risks. This thermal regulation not only has adverse consequences, but also optimizes steam demand and the use of Distillate Diesel Oil (DDO). In this work we have described the thermal control device by a programming in GRAFCET and LADER. This is made possible by identifying different pressures and temperatures. In the light of this study, it is clearly established that the thermal regulation remains not only protective system but also optimization of DDO and Heavy Fuel Oil consumption.
Abstract: This work is carried out as part of the thermal regulation of our interconnection system. The boilers and steam circuits of the National Electricity power plants have a potential for recoverable steam. The practical aspect of this study is the thermal regulation of the interconnection system in order to avoid against pressures that can lead to cata...
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Interconnection of Thermal Plant Steam Circuits: Case of the Three Thermal Plants of the Burkina Faso Northern Ouaga Production Service (Sptn)
Madjoyogo Herve Sirima,
Betaboale Naon,
Frederic Bationo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
107-113
Received:
13 July 2019
Accepted:
5 August 2019
Published:
2 September 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.15
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Abstract: In this work, we are interested in the overheating of the Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), for its permutation with the DDO. The practical aspect of this study is the design of an automated collector to make steam available at full load by exploiting steam potential. In the rest of our work, we have studied the influence of certain parameters on heat transfer. We concluded that temperature and pressure remain the most important parameters in the production of steam and the overheating of Heavy Fuel Oil. The choice of devices is made according to these two parameters. In the light of our analysis, this study shows that interconnection is an ideal solution for reducing the cost of production by using steam at full load.
Abstract: In this work, we are interested in the overheating of the Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), for its permutation with the DDO. The practical aspect of this study is the design of an automated collector to make steam available at full load by exploiting steam potential. In the rest of our work, we have studied the influence of certain parameters on heat transfer...
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Exploration and Practice of Volume Fracturing Technology for Metamorphic Buried Hill
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
114-118
Received:
26 July 2019
Accepted:
26 August 2019
Published:
11 September 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.16
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Abstract: The metamorphic rock buried hill have a large amount of reserves. Because its low permeability in the matrix, most wells drilled in the field have to be fractured before production. It has large thickness of reservoirs, massive hydraulic fracturing is difficult, the cost is high. In this paper, successful cases of volume fracturing technology applied to metamorphic buried hills were introduced. The results prove its feasibility by theoretical calculation and numerical simulation, etc. Clustering perforation mode, low viscosity and low friction fracturing fluids were used in combination. With high rate of fracturing fluids, low proppant concentration, the technology could realize maximum communication among the natural fractures, greatly improving the overall permeability of the reservoirs, and realizing the three dimensional treatment to the reservoirs. Down hole micro seismic fracture monitoring results indicate that the induced fracture volume increased by 28.8% compared with that in conventional fracturing. In addition, average single well production increased by over 50% after fracturing with this technology compared with that by conventional fracturing of vertical wells from the same block. Since 2013, in addition, average single well production increased by over 50% after fracturing with this technology compared with that by conventional fracturing of vertical wells from the same block.
Abstract: The metamorphic rock buried hill have a large amount of reserves. Because its low permeability in the matrix, most wells drilled in the field have to be fractured before production. It has large thickness of reservoirs, massive hydraulic fracturing is difficult, the cost is high. In this paper, successful cases of volume fracturing technology appli...
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Regulation and Thermal Compensation of Continuous Forced Convection Indirect Solar Dryer for the Drying of Agricultural Products: Maize, Mahogany Nuts, Shea Nuts, By-products Derived from the Processing of Mango
Madjoyogo Herve Sirima,
Betaboale Naon,
Paul Wambua
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
119-124
Received:
13 July 2019
Accepted:
14 August 2019
Published:
18 September 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.17
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Abstract: In this work; we were interested in the respect of the drying parameters, namely the recommended temperature range and the extraction of the moisture content during the drying of maize, mahogany nuts, shea nuts or by-products resulting from the processing of the mango. The thermal analysis of the drying system leads us to develop a system of regulation and thermal compensation in order to avoid the calcinations of the finished product and to respect the physicochemical parameters of the material. It must be emphasized that there are several agricultural products and their physicochemical parameters are not the same. Therefore the temperature ranges will be selected from the control system and compensation while taking into account the quality of said products. Note also that this study is conducted in a Sahelian country where sunshine is important and it becomes interesting to proceed to a regulation and a thermal compensation. To do this, we designed the control system and thermal compensation while taking into account the drying temperature.
Abstract: In this work; we were interested in the respect of the drying parameters, namely the recommended temperature range and the extraction of the moisture content during the drying of maize, mahogany nuts, shea nuts or by-products resulting from the processing of the mango. The thermal analysis of the drying system leads us to develop a system of regula...
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Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation for Disinfecting Water: New Breakthroughs and Implied Mechanisms
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
125-133
Received:
23 August 2019
Accepted:
5 September 2019
Published:
19 September 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.18
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Abstract: Electrochemical technology may present an option of treating water since they have proved some benefits over conventional techniques, like decreased handling and storage of chemicals and cost-effectiveness. Consecutive electrochemical techniques have yet to be tried for removing Escherichia coli in potable waters. In this review, a brief discussion of the work of Lynn [1] is presented. Lynn [1] studied electrocoagulation (EC) and electrooxidation (EO) employing two model surface waters and two model groundwaters to define the performance of consecutive EC-EO for removing E. coli. At a current density of 1.67 mA/cm2 for 1 min, bench-scale EO alone attained 4-logs reduction of E. coli in the model shallow aquifer. Elevating the EO current density to 6.67 mA/cm2 for 1 min presented similar levels of E. coli reduction in the model deep aquifer. Employing a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for 5 min EC attained 1-log or bigger E. coli removal in all model waters. No supplementary reduction beyond EC alone was reached employing consecutive EC-EO. Diminutions in the initial pH of the surface waters in order to reach bigger natural organic matter elimination did not improve E. coli cells killing with EC-EO comparatively with EC alone. De facto, around 64% of NOM was eliminated regardless of the variation in pH, which possibly restricted E. coli removal. More causes for the shortage of enhancement in E. coli disinfection may have comprised the existence of iron after EC or deficient EO current density. Diminishing the initial water pH did enhance E. coli reduction employing EO when pretreated via EC compared to the baseline water matrix pH. Despite the breakthroughs obtained throughout the Lynn [1] research in both EC and EO processes for disinfecting water in terms of mechanisms and optimization, great research remains to be accomplished with a view to largely accept these electrochemical techniques in the water treatment industry. Finding the correct hybridization and appropriate combination of such methods, and probably introduce other physical techniques like adsorption and magnetic treatment, would open large perspectives in implementing electrochemical engineering in water treatment.
Abstract: Electrochemical technology may present an option of treating water since they have proved some benefits over conventional techniques, like decreased handling and storage of chemicals and cost-effectiveness. Consecutive electrochemical techniques have yet to be tried for removing Escherichia coli in potable waters. In this review, a brief discussion...
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Design and Research of Ginkgo Leaves Retractable Picker
Dengjie Yang,
Jiali Kong,
Xiaoxiao Su
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
134-139
Received:
26 August 2019
Accepted:
12 September 2019
Published:
7 October 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.19
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Abstract: Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant, widely distributed in China. Ginkgo biloba leaves have very high medicinal value, and play a positive role in the treatment of many diseases. In order to solve the problem of ginkgo leaves picking, a retractable ginkgo leaves picking machine was designed according to its plane mechanism principle. In single-person operation, the plucker exerts force on the push rod and transfers the force to the plucker through the telescopic rod. The two pluckers cooperate with each other. The ginkgo leaves are picked by opening and closing state, and the ginkgo leaves are collected by the leaf storage device. The utility model has the advantages of simple structure and convenient operation, reduces the labor intensity of the picking workers to a certain extent, and reduces the danger of the picking workers.
Abstract: Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant, widely distributed in China. Ginkgo biloba leaves have very high medicinal value, and play a positive role in the treatment of many diseases. In order to solve the problem of ginkgo leaves picking, a retractable ginkgo leaves picking machine was designed according to its plane mechanism principle. In single-person...
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Electrocoagulation Process Intensification for Disinfecting Water – A Review
Djamel Ghernaout,
Noureddine Elboughdiri
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
140-147
Received:
17 September 2019
Accepted:
27 September 2019
Published:
11 October 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.20
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Abstract: In the field of disinfecting water, if there is a process that has attracted huge attention from water treatment specialists it is the electrocoagulation (EC) process. Indeed, during the last two decades and thanks to its techno-economic benefits, this electrochemical technology has been the subject of many hundreds of researches and patents published throughout the entire world. The generally accepted tendency concerning the usage of the EC technique is to employ it as an integrated step with additional processes. In the field of killing pathogens, EC process is frequently inserted as a pre-stage before electrooxidation (EO) method in the treatment train. For such a combination, more important virus reduction is possibly reached via the collective actions of physical removal by coagulation/filtration, ferrous iron-based disinfection, and EO disinfection. In this context, much more research needs to be realized to distinguish among the electric field and cohesion contributions. Furthermore, more investigation has to be pointed on evaluating the more and more probable production of the hydroxyl radical (OH) during the EC technology. On the other hand, like in the chemical water disinfection, identical problems such as disinfection by-products generation have also appeared in the EC applications. More research needs to be pointed into such directions.
Abstract: In the field of disinfecting water, if there is a process that has attracted huge attention from water treatment specialists it is the electrocoagulation (EC) process. Indeed, during the last two decades and thanks to its techno-economic benefits, this electrochemical technology has been the subject of many hundreds of researches and patents publis...
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A Central Composite Design Approach to Minimize Percentage Dilution of TIG Weldments
Ozigagun Andrew,
Biu Raphael
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
148-153
Received:
26 August 2019
Accepted:
24 September 2019
Published:
23 October 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.21
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Abstract: The integrity of welded joints is dependent on the strength and load bearing capacity of the welded joint, of which this can be achieved by maximizing the process parameters that has a positive effect on the strength and minimizing those having negative effects on the weld joints. This study is carried out with a purpose of minimizing the percentage dilution considering current, voltage and gas flow rate as the input parameters on TIG mild steel weld using expert systems. The welding experiment was performed using the Central Composite Design matrix, thereafter percentage dilution responses was measured, recorded and modelled using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The result obtained shows that the quadratic model has adequate strength to explain the relationship between the process factors and the percentage dilution, with with a P-value < 0.05 and coefficient of determination (R2) value of 90% and a noise to signal ratio of 10.14 indicating the accuracy and reliability of the optimal solutions.
Abstract: The integrity of welded joints is dependent on the strength and load bearing capacity of the welded joint, of which this can be achieved by maximizing the process parameters that has a positive effect on the strength and minimizing those having negative effects on the weld joints. This study is carried out with a purpose of minimizing the percentag...
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Iron Electrocoagulation Process for Disinfecting Water – A Review
Djamel Ghernaout,
Noureddine Elboughdiri
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
154-158
Received:
24 September 2019
Accepted:
12 October 2019
Published:
23 October 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.22
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Abstract: During the last two decades, electrocoagulation (EC) process has known a large success as an electrodisinfection (ED) technology especially if iron (Fe) electrodes are used instead of aluminum ones as sacrificial anodes. This review discusses the pertinent findings of the Delaire et al. excellent work who focused on microbes removal via Fe-EC and attracted the attention on the interactions between bacterial phosphate groups and Fe (III) precipitates. Employing the model indicator Escherichia coli, physical elimination through enmeshment in EC precipitate flocs was shown the main procedure of bacteria reduction in the existence of HCO3-, which importantly prevents demobilization, probably because of a decrease in the lifetime of reactive oxidants. The fixation of EC precipitates onto cell membranes, which leads to microbes’ encapsulation in flocs, is directed firstly via interactions among EC precipitates and phosphate functional groups on bacteria surfaces. EC precipitate fixation is greatly independent of cell membrane composition, consistent with comparable densities of phosphate functional groups on Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells. Such findings are crucial to anticipate the efficiency of Fe-EC to remove bacterial pollutants from the water with changing chemical compositions. In spite of the huge advances in studying the EC process as an ED technique, considerable efforts remain to be performed to reach its better acceptation in the industrial world.
Abstract: During the last two decades, electrocoagulation (EC) process has known a large success as an electrodisinfection (ED) technology especially if iron (Fe) electrodes are used instead of aluminum ones as sacrificial anodes. This review discusses the pertinent findings of the Delaire et al. excellent work who focused on microbes removal via Fe-EC and a...
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Water Reuse (WR): Dares, Restrictions, and Trends
Djamel Ghernaout,
Noureddine Elboughdiri,
Salah Al Arni
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
159-170
Received:
9 October 2019
Accepted:
28 October 2019
Published:
31 October 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.23
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Abstract: Drinking water is beginning to be a rare resource in several regions and both uses of water and wastewater outlet are of main environmental and economic significance in several nations. This work discusses dares, restrictions, and trends for water reuse (WR). WR so far constitutes a vital water supply in several regions. Reuse is largely expanding in the US, Australia, Europe, and different countries. Its potential is largely unexploited; nevertheless, because of some handicaps, comprising a deficiency of policy from governments and the public’s opposition to resolved indirect potable reuse. WR must not be considered as just the remedy and reuse of wastewater effluents. On the contrary, a larger concept, comprising the reclamation and reuse of brackish groundwater, usage of stormwater and agriculture return flows, and desalination of the oceans, must be adopted. Despite the acquired advances in WR technologies and applications, great efforts remain to be accomplished to generalize WR implementations throughout the world. More attention should be accorded to the public acceptance of WR in terms of drinking water usage via ensuring highly treated wastewater especially in terms of bacteriological qualities. WR development would decrease the desalination tendency that is largely viewed until now as an ultimatum solution for water shortage knowing that it is relatively less expensive.
Abstract: Drinking water is beginning to be a rare resource in several regions and both uses of water and wastewater outlet are of main environmental and economic significance in several nations. This work discusses dares, restrictions, and trends for water reuse (WR). WR so far constitutes a vital water supply in several regions. Reuse is largely expanding ...
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Water Disinfection: Ferrate (VI) as the Greenest Chemical – A Review
Djamel Ghernaout,
Noureddine Elboughdiri
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
171-180
Received:
15 November 2019
Accepted:
29 November 2019
Published:
6 December 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.24
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Abstract: Water shortage pushed water treatment specialists to search for green technology and chemicals for better drinking water quality. Based on iron, a healthy element, ferrate (VI) has known some successful applications through the lab-scale and industrial level. Simultaneously as a disinfectant, oxidant, and coagulant, this eco-friendly chemical merits more attention to enlarging its worldwide acceptance. This work focuses on its recent usages mainly as killing agent. During the last decade, an appreciable understanding has been summated mostly concerning synthesis, fresh rising microcontaminants, radionuclides, inorganic as well as organic contaminants and the pathway of ferrate role. During sewage remediation, literature established that ferrate (VI) is an outstanding oxidant and a coagulant; it decreased chemical oxygen demand by 30% while killing three orders of magnitude more bacteria than traditional chemicals. Ferrate (VI) injection conducted to algae elimination from lake water thanks to its binary features, i.e., as an oxidant and coagulant. Recent successful application of in-situ ferrate (VI) for enhanced seawater pretreatment promotes its large acceptance. As the greenest chemical used in water treatment, ferrate merits more interest in terms of laboratory research and large-scale application. However, technical problems related to preoxidation effects on decreasing coagulation efficiency and disinfection by-products problems remain to be first taken into account besides to its industrial preparation.
Abstract: Water shortage pushed water treatment specialists to search for green technology and chemicals for better drinking water quality. Based on iron, a healthy element, ferrate (VI) has known some successful applications through the lab-scale and industrial level. Simultaneously as a disinfectant, oxidant, and coagulant, this eco-friendly chemical merit...
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An Approach for Combining of Solar Heating System with Ground Source Heat Pump System
Ala Eldin Mohamed Tairab,
Wei Liu,
Waleed Mohamed Ismael,
Yueshe Wang,
Luqman Ahmed Pirzada
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
181-190
Received:
10 November 2019
Accepted:
26 November 2019
Published:
17 December 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190302.25
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Abstract: As a viable technology in the heating systems for building, renewable energy systems have received a lot of attention. However, renewable energy system's performance depends on environmental conditions and might be gradually reduced by extensive and long-term activity. Underground heat storage is one of the most commonly used methods of energy systems and some approaches have been proposed and carried out to reduce the energy consumption of building heating systems. However, not all of the proposed approaches are effective in terms of efficiency and performance. Therefore, this paper is to study and analyze the effectiveness of combining the Solar Heating system (SHS) with Ground Source Heat Pump System (GSHPS) to improve the performance of the heating system and increase heating transfer. TRNSYS simulation software is used to perform the simulation. The simulation is carried out to study the solar heating system and the solar heating system combined with underground storage. The obtained results show that the developed heating system with underground storage is more efficient and better in performance than using solar heating systems individually.
Abstract: As a viable technology in the heating systems for building, renewable energy systems have received a lot of attention. However, renewable energy system's performance depends on environmental conditions and might be gradually reduced by extensive and long-term activity. Underground heat storage is one of the most commonly used methods of energy syst...
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