Abstract: To elucidate the basis of protective immunity in T and B cell deficient rag1-/- mutant zebrafish, we conducted microarray analysis of 15,617 genes from rag1-/- mutant zebrafish 48 hours after a primary response and 48 hours after a secondary response. Following primary exposure, the highest fold expression differences (3.8 to 4.95) were genes for serum amyloid A, chemokine CCL-C5a (CCL-19a), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1b, interferon regulatory factor 11, and myxovirus resistance A. Strong induction of these genes demonstrated that primary immune responses and innate immune cells were not impaired in T and B cell deficient mutant zebrafish. Following bacterial re-exposure, the highest fold expression differences (2 to 3 fold) were in chemokine CCL-C5a (CCL-19a), myomegalin, bone morphogenetic protein 4, and relaxin 3a. These genes are involved in the immune response and cell proliferation. Genes for cell receptor activation and signal transduction, cell proliferation and cytotoxic functions were also up-regulated. These findings suggest receptor activation and expansion of a cell population. Increased ifnγ expression at 48 hpi was associated with both primary and secondary immune responses.Abstract: To elucidate the basis of protective immunity in T and B cell deficient rag1-/- mutant zebrafish, we conducted microarray analysis of 15,617 genes from rag1-/- mutant zebrafish 48 hours after a primary response and 48 hours after a secondary response. Following primary exposure, the highest fold expression differences (3.8 to 4.95) were genes for s...Show More
Abstract: The present study was designed to determine the levels of C-reactive protein and creatine kinase-MM in Nigerian naïve (stage 2) HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with Plasmodium falciparum. A total of 204 subjects (aged between 18 and 45 years) were randomly studied. Among these were 74 naïve (stage 2) HIV seropositive subjects (confirmed by Western blot method), 70 naïve (stage 2) HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with P. falciparum (confirmed by Western blot and microscopic methods respectively) and 60 apparently healthy individuals (confirmed to be negative for Human immunodeficiency virus and P. falciparum by Western blot and microscopic methods respectively). Absolute lymphocyte counts was estimated using Sysmex® Automated Hematology Analyzer, whereas CD4+ cell count was estimated using Partec® Cyflow Counter. C-reactive protein and creatine kinase was estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. The creatine kinase-MM and C-reactive protein concentrations were significantly higher in HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with malaria when compared with the controls subjects (P = 0.000) respectively. Whereas the absolute lymphocyte counts and CD4+ T cell counts were significantly lower in HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with malaria when compared with the controls subjects (P = 0.000). The increased expression of C- reactive protein and creatine kinase-MM coupled with the decrease in absolute lymphocyte and CD4+ cell counts significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of HIV and P. falciparum infections.Abstract: The present study was designed to determine the levels of C-reactive protein and creatine kinase-MM in Nigerian naïve (stage 2) HIV seropositive subjects co-infected with Plasmodium falciparum. A total of 204 subjects (aged between 18 and 45 years) were randomly studied. Among these were 74 naïve (stage 2) HIV seropositive subjects (confirmed by We...Show More
