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Investigation and Evaluation on Heavy Metal Contaminations of Green Salads and Potato Fried in Different Restaurants and Fresh Vegetables in Some Egyptian Governorates
Hanaa S. M. Abd El-Rahman,
Abeer M. N. H. El-Dakak,
Zein H.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
28-37
Received:
22 January 2015
Accepted:
10 February 2015
Published:
16 February 2015
Abstract: The content of Cd, Pb, Al, and As in fresh vegetables, green salads and potato fried purchased from the Egyptian market and restaurant were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. The highest Cd level in watercress (8.33 mg/Kg) was found in Cairo. Vegetables grown in Cairo and Alexandria had cadmium many folds higher than those of other towns. Lead concentration in potato of Alexandria is more than permitted level. Aluminium (Al) content was high concentration in all vegetable samples and arsenic (As) concentration mostly was appeared in potato. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of Cd, Pb, and As in green salad samples were so few. The highest concentration of Al was detected in salad collected from popular restaurant 8. The results show that the heavy metal content in unprocessed potato appears to be much higher than that in processed potato. The highest levels of Cd, Pb, and Al were detected in popular restaurant 9. Cd and As contents of international chain restaurant 1 were found in high level (2.958 and 0.95mg/Kg).
Abstract: The content of Cd, Pb, Al, and As in fresh vegetables, green salads and potato fried purchased from the Egyptian market and restaurant were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. The highes...
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The Effect of Application of EDTA on the Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls
Yashim Zakka Israila,
Agbaji Edith Bola,
Gimba Casimir Emmanuel,
Idris Suleiman Ola
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
38-43
Received:
15 December 2014
Accepted:
30 December 2014
Published:
25 February 2015
Abstract: This study investigates the effect of the application of EDTA (ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid) on the phytoextraction of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn by Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls harvested from experimental site (with EDTA) and a control area (without EDTA) in Zaria-Nigeria. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in different parts of each of the plant species collected from the experimental and control soils were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Application of 5 mmol/kg EDTA in soil did not affect plant growth but significantly increased Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in shoots and roots of the plants. The concentrations of heavy metals measured in the tissues of plants collected from the experimental site were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than in the control. The percentage increase in the metal concentration for each plant specie were:- for Vetivera zizanioides, Cd – 75%, Co – 205%, Cu – 190%, Ni – 645%, Pb – 5% and Zn – 29%; for Cymbopogon citrates, Cd – 100%, Co – 109%, Cu – 551%, Ni – 907%, Pb – 39% and Zn – 50%; for Helianthus annuls, Cd – 21%, Co – 235%, Cu – 44%, Ni – 507%, Pb – 70% and Zn – 02%. The heavy metal concentrations were higher in leaves (P ≤ 0.05) than in roots of the plants. The translocation factor (TF) for all the metals studied were greater than 1.The results of this study demonstrated that EDTA is an efficient soil amendment in enhancing desorption of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn from soil and in increasing their accumulation in plants. As for plant species tested, the effectiveness in the uptake of the metals studied was Helianthus annuls < Vetivera zizanioides < Cymbopogon citrates.
Abstract: This study investigates the effect of the application of EDTA (ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid) on the phytoextraction of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn by Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helianthus annuls harvested from experimental site (with EDTA) and a control area (without EDTA) in Zaria-Nigeria. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni...
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Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution on Soil in Vaderbijlpark, South Africa
F. M. Mtunzi,
E. D. Dikio,
S. J. Moja
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
44-49
Received:
29 January 2015
Accepted:
10 February 2015
Published:
2 March 2015
Abstract: In this study, inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is employed for the evaluation of soil pollution for selected metals in the Vanderbijlpark area of South Africa. Soil samples investigated were collected from five different sites in the city based on their proximity to the industrial areas of Vanderbijlpark. Soil samples were collected from close to traffic robots, farms, township schools, Iemas garage and central East 5 (CE5) suburbs. The results obtained show metal levels at the robot decrease in the order Pb > Zn > V > Bi > Ni > Li > As > Sn > Co > Cu > Mo > Sb > Hg > Se; at the farm they decrease in the order Pb > Zn > Bi > Li > Sn > As > V > Cu > Mo > Sb > Ni > Co > Cd > Se > Hg; in the township school they decrease in the order Pb > Zn > Cu > Li > V > Sn > As > Ni > Bi > Mo > Sb > Co > Cd > Se > Hg; at the Iemas garage the decreasing order is Pb > Zn > V > Li > Sn > As > Bi > Cu > Ni > Mo > Co > Cd > Se > Hg > Sb and in the CE5 suburb the decreasing order is Pb > Zn > V > Li > As > Cu > Sn > Ni> Mo > Co > Bi > Cd > Sb > Se > Hg. In all the sample points, the levels of lead (Pb) was found to be high, particularly at the farm and the township school area. However, the concentrations of all other metals at all the sampling points were within the US-EPA maximum allowable limits.
Abstract: In this study, inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is employed for the evaluation of soil pollution for selected metals in the Vanderbijlpark area of South Africa. Soil samples investigated were collected from five different sites in the city based on their proximity to the industrial areas of Vanderbijlpark. Soil sampl...
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Problems of Solid Waste Management in Small and Medium Enterprises
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
50-66
Received:
6 February 2015
Accepted:
3 March 2015
Published:
9 March 2015
Abstract: This study describes the problems of solid waste generation in small and medium scale enterprise. The analysis was conducted in Meserte Gabi metal and machine work enterprises using purposive sampling method with 16 sample sizes of this enterprise employer. Filed observation, unstructured interview, and questioners were instruments that use pre and post assessment tools for problems of solid waste management. The study explores the existing situation of the enterprises about solid waste management. The result shows that Solid waste issues were the major problems of Meserte Gabi metal and machine work enterprise. Findings show that waste prevention, recycling; collecting, and awareness, training and awareness are the major problems of the enterprises. After actions were done (conducting training, implementation of kaizen and capacity building) result predicts that, the impact of solid waste problem were changed and proper solid waste management systems were developed. The study highlights that it is essential that the government starts to recognize the mechanisms of supporting of enterprises in order to improve the overall solid waste management system in Dessise-Ethiopia. From the action obtained that conducting training, capacity building, resource utilization, and implementation of kaizen were mechanisms that developed solid management systems in the enterprises.
Abstract: This study describes the problems of solid waste generation in small and medium scale enterprise. The analysis was conducted in Meserte Gabi metal and machine work enterprises using purposive sampling method with 16 sample sizes of this enterprise employer. Filed observation, unstructured interview, and questioners were instruments that use pre and...
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Urban Heat Island: Causes, Effects and Mitigation Measures - A Review
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
67-73
Received:
28 January 2015
Accepted:
5 March 2015
Published:
10 March 2015
Abstract: High temperature in the city centers than its’ surroundings known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which is causing discomfort to the urban dwellers in the summer time is gaining much attention around the world because the world is getting urbanized as it advances in technology. Alterations of surface area, improper urban planning, air pollution, etc. are causing this increasingly growing phenomenon and it is accountable for human discomfort, human casualties and decline of climate. In this paper, an attempt has been taken to review various measures to encounter UHI effect and the processes by which these strategies work is described with diagrams. Using high albedo materials and pavements, green vegetation and green roofs, urban planning, pervious pavements, shade trees and existence of water bodies in city areas are the potential UHI mitigation strategies on which discussion is done in this paper with their limitations. Green vegetation seems to be the most effective measure and other strategies can play a major role under proper condition.
Abstract: High temperature in the city centers than its’ surroundings known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which is causing discomfort to the urban dwellers in the summer time is gaining much attention around the world because the world is getting urbanized as it advances in technology. Alterations of surface area, improper urban planning, air pollut...
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The Effect of Greenhouse Gases on Earth’s Temperature
Ahmad L. El Zein,
Nour A. Chehayeb
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
74-79
Received:
5 February 2015
Accepted:
24 February 2015
Published:
15 March 2015
Abstract: Global warming is affecting each and every part of the world. Due to global warming, the glaciers are melting which are causing the rise in the sea level. When the level of the sea rises, it causes danger to the people living in the low lying areas. So, this causes a big problem for people, plants and animals living on the earth or the ecosystem all in all. Pollution whether vehicular, electrical or industrial is the main contributor to the global warming. Everyday billions of vehicles release various gases into the atmosphere. This causes earth to warm up and increase its average temperature. The main purpose of the study is to collect information about a real problem that has negative impact on something in order to be able to reach solution or decrease its impact. This study shows that global warming is the result of many factors including greenhouse gasses which can be reduced if people behave in a responsible way. We can state that pollution is the link between the greenhouse gases released to the air and get trapped in the atmosphere which cause the raise in temperature known as global warming and leading to a huge bulk of negative consequences to all living and non-living creatures on Earth’s surface.
Abstract: Global warming is affecting each and every part of the world. Due to global warming, the glaciers are melting which are causing the rise in the sea level. When the level of the sea rises, it causes danger to the people living in the low lying areas. So, this causes a big problem for people, plants and animals living on the earth or the ecosystem al...
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Operating Conditions of A Locally Made Fixed-Bed Incinerator, a Case Study of Bagamoyo – Tanzania
Arthur Mngoma Omari,
Geoffrey Reuben John,
Karoli Nicholas Njau,
Peter Lucas Mtui
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
80-90
Received:
25 February 2015
Accepted:
13 March 2015
Published:
19 March 2015
Abstract: To minimize the pollution from municipal solid waste incinerators, the study of operating conditions is imperative. The local design incinerators can be used for high performance combustion and minimize pollutions. The incinerator located at Bagamoyo hospital in Tanzania is used as a pilot for this experiment. The emission and operating conditions shows that the performance of incinerator is at maximum peak of about 70% when the oxygen at exit is about 6.9% and when secondary temperature is between 1073 and 1173K and primary temperature maintained at 673K. The experiment shows that when the primary chamber temperature increases beyond 673K, the secondary temperature decreases this is due to complete combustion at primary chamber which will cause insufficient incomplete gases and therefore limited combustible gases to burn.
Abstract: To minimize the pollution from municipal solid waste incinerators, the study of operating conditions is imperative. The local design incinerators can be used for high performance combustion and minimize pollutions. The incinerator located at Bagamoyo hospital in Tanzania is used as a pilot for this experiment. The emission and operating conditions ...
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Environmental Risk Assessment Methodology (ERAM) for Oil Pollution
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
91-110
Received:
27 March 2015
Accepted:
3 April 2015
Published:
15 April 2015
Abstract: Coastal areas have economical, archaeological, cultural, economic and environmental significance. During the last decades, a rapid development of recreation and other tourism activities has been noticed. However, these coastal areas are often visited by oil tankers for transportation purposes; this paper considers risk analysis by using index. Each index and methodology are presented in detail. This analysis provides a mathematical tool to determine oil pollution risks that lead to handle with marine environment and oil pollution prevention.
Abstract: Coastal areas have economical, archaeological, cultural, economic and environmental significance. During the last decades, a rapid development of recreation and other tourism activities has been noticed. However, these coastal areas are often visited by oil tankers for transportation purposes; this paper considers risk analysis by using index. Each...
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