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Critical Review of the Current Status of Soil Contamination in Kenya
Sammy Koskei,
Yuanyuan Cheng,
Wei-lin Shi
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
14-24
Received:
8 February 2017
Accepted:
21 February 2017
Published:
10 March 2017
Abstract: The growth of economy in Kenya is an impressive factor for the development, and is considered as improving living standard of many. However, pollution goes in hand with growing population and economic activities. Soil contamination is rampart now days, but it is not taken as of more concern like water and air pollution. The main sources of soil contaminations are anthropogenic activities such as synthetic chemical products, mining and natural sources. This dissertation focuses on the review of current status of soil contamination in Kenya. Secondary data from various published papers were used to determine the most popular contaminants in the soil (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn and Dioxin). This paper further examines two case studies on health impacts of contaminants, for instance lead poisoning in Nairobi city were carried on children age between 2 to 18 years who are living around Dandora dumpsite area. It was determined that number of them are suffering from ailments that might be attributed to contaminants. Finally, this study touches on environmental legal framework that governs the land in Kenya. It indicates that only laws to conserve the soil fertility are taken into account, but there are no specific laws to protect soil quality against contaminants.
Abstract: The growth of economy in Kenya is an impressive factor for the development, and is considered as improving living standard of many. However, pollution goes in hand with growing population and economic activities. Soil contamination is rampart now days, but it is not taken as of more concern like water and air pollution. The main sources of soil con...
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Study on the Effects of Hydraulic Dredging and Disposal Operations on Water Quality of Nworie River, South-Eastern Nigeria
Justina Ugochi Udensi,
Toochukwu Ekwutosi Ogbulie,
Emeka-Nwabunnia Ijeoma,
Nkeiruka Uche Chikezie,
Ugochukwu Mmasi Godson,
Awurum Ivy Nwaku,
Ifeyinwa Celestina Mgbemena
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
25-31
Received:
28 January 2016
Accepted:
12 September 2016
Published:
11 March 2017
Abstract: A study was done to ascertain the effect of hydraulic dredging and spoils disposal on the physicochemical parameters of Nworie River. The study was carried out from July 2010 to January, 2012. Water samples were collected prior to, during and monitored several months after dredging. The samples were collected from 5 stations: station 1 was the dredging point, stations 2 and 3 were 250m and 500m upstream of the point, while and stations 4 and 5 were 250m and 500m downstream of it respectively. The physicochemical parameters of the water were analysed prior to dredging and most of the values obtained were within acceptable limit of established water standards. The pH was within the range of 6.5-7.8, Temperature 27.6-29.9°C, Conductivity 34-196µs/cm, Turbidity 0-76NTU, TDS 22.1-127.4 mg/l, TSS 9-51 mg/l, Nitrate 1.2- 33.6mg/l, Phosphate 0.2-3.7mg/l, Sulphate 0- 33 mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen 4.3-9.4 mg/L and BOD5 2.5 - 7.9 mg/l. During the dredging, the water physicochemistry changed: pH values decreased drastically to 4.6, DO to 1.3mg/l, Nitrate to 1.2 mg/l. Temperature increased to 30. 2°C, Turbidity 620NTU, TSS 349mg/L, Conductivity 498µs/cm, TDS 249 mg/l, BOD5 19.1mg/l, Sulphate 33mg/l and Phosphate was 0.92mg/l. Three months after the dredging, the values for the parameters returned to their pre-dredging concentrations, however during rainy season, as the leachates and silts from the spoils were washed into the river, this prolonged the recovery of the river system to 9 months. This implies that the effect of dredging on the river is of short term but the disposal of the excavated materials at the river bank compounded and prolonged these impacts.
Abstract: A study was done to ascertain the effect of hydraulic dredging and spoils disposal on the physicochemical parameters of Nworie River. The study was carried out from July 2010 to January, 2012. Water samples were collected prior to, during and monitored several months after dredging. The samples were collected from 5 stations: station 1 was the dred...
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Assessment of Groundwater Quality Parameters Using Multivariate Statistics- A Case Study of Majmaah, KSA
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
32-40
Received:
11 December 2016
Accepted:
17 February 2017
Published:
15 March 2017
Abstract: This paper aims at evaluating the groundwater quality parameters at part of Majmaah City, Saudi Arabia. The study uses multivariate statistics methods (Principal Component Analysis, PCA and/or Factor Analysis, FA) to determine the most important water quality parameters at the study area, aiming at introducing an environmental assessment of its current situation. Water quality parameters that showed levels above the standards would be spotted and reasons behind this contamination will be investigated. Real data are collected from 15 groundwater wells near farms part in Gewy area. The results of the water analysis data were subjected to intensive statistical tests and interpretations ware made in the highlight of physical factors. The paper also introduces a cost effective methodology to minimize the number of water quality parameters to the most important variables based on the multivariate statistical results. The interrelationship between different water quality parameters at the study area was also investigated. Moreover, Geostatistics techniques and GPS data, for the same wells, were utilized for characterization of some water quality parameters in 2D and results are introduced in the form of contour maps and 3D representation of these variables. The obtained results are presented as environmental maps for the water quality parameters at the study area and give, for the first time, a characterization of the water quality at the selected portion of Majmaah city.
Abstract: This paper aims at evaluating the groundwater quality parameters at part of Majmaah City, Saudi Arabia. The study uses multivariate statistics methods (Principal Component Analysis, PCA and/or Factor Analysis, FA) to determine the most important water quality parameters at the study area, aiming at introducing an environmental assessment of its cur...
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MAE-GC-MS Assessment of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in the Bitumen Belt of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria
Tomori W. B.,
Yanful E. K.,
Amoo I. A.,
Aiyesanmi A. F.
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
41-47
Received:
4 October 2016
Accepted:
26 December 2016
Published:
25 March 2017
Abstract: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of particular concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effect on diverse ecosystems. The regional PAHs concentration was determined in soil over the bitumen belt of Ondo state, Southwestern Nigeria using MAE-GC-MS technique. The spatial concentrations of PAHs in the study area did not show any appreciable variation in all the soil samples analysed most especially surface soil. The surface soil shows that PAHs are derived principally from pyrogenic origin typically bush burning while subsurface soil PAHs origins were both pyrogenic and petrogenic. Though, the distributions of PAHs in the study area were not of any public concern because their concentrations were lower than quoted contaminated averages, however, the petrogenic origin in some part of study area may arose from surface oozing of bitumen and thus a concern for crop production in the affected areas.
Abstract: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of particular concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effect on diverse ecosystems. The regional PAHs concentration was determined in soil over the bitumen belt of Ondo state, Southwestern Nigeria using MAE-GC-MS technique. The spatial concentrations of PAHs in the study area did not show any appreci...
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Analysis Strategy and Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction
Adriani Bandjar,
Rafael Marthinus Osok,
I Wayan Sutapa
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
48-55
Received:
24 October 2016
Accepted:
15 March 2017
Published:
28 March 2017
Abstract: Strategies and Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Central Maluku of district Haruku Island-Indonesia have been conducted. This study was conducted consisting of a profile districts obtained Haruku island, the determination of V and C, as well as the picture of extreme rainfall. Based on the analysis of the obtained results as follows: In administrative districts of Haruku Island that consists of 11 villages were entirely concentrated on the island of Haruku. Haruku is part of the Maluku Islands is included in the category of patterns of local rainfall for the period of summer rains that took place as parts of Indonesia on generally experiencing drought. The rainy season occurs from May to August, the extreme rainfall occurred in 1989 and 2013 as many as four times. Based on calculations there is a village is in quadrant 5, three villages wards are in quadrant 2, three villages / wards are in quadrant 1, and four villages are in quadrant 3.
Abstract: Strategies and Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Central Maluku of district Haruku Island-Indonesia have been conducted. This study was conducted consisting of a profile districts obtained Haruku island, the determination of V and C, as well as the picture of extreme rainfall. Based on the analysis of the obtained results as ...
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Studies on Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Lagos Lagoon ii: Evaluation and Spatial Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the Lagoon
Alani Rose,
Drouillard Ken,
Olayinka Kehinde,
Alo Babajide
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
56-63
Received:
6 January 2017
Accepted:
24 January 2017
Published:
28 March 2017
Abstract: PAHs in the Lagos lagoon are high enough to raise concern over possible adverse effects on aquatic organisms and human health. Their spatial distribution in the sediment was largely dependent on the proximity of the sediment deposition site to known sources of pollution. Due to their tendency to accumulate in sediments at the bottom of the food chain, PAHs in the lagoon could pose a toxicological threat to benthic organisms and their predators. In this study, the PAH levels in the sediments of the lagoon at twelve locations were evaluated. This work is a follow-up on an earlier paper showing the levels of PAHs in the water samples of the lagoon. All sixteen EPA priority PAHs were found in eight of the locations. Significant amounts of most of the PAHs were found in all the sediments throughout the year. The higher PAHs were more abundant and distributed across the lagoon. Bioavailability assessment revealed that the PAHs were not bioavailable. Adjusted Equilibrium Sediment Benchmark Toxic Units ΣESBTU revealed that the lagoon sediments at all the locations were not toxic to aquatic life.
Abstract: PAHs in the Lagos lagoon are high enough to raise concern over possible adverse effects on aquatic organisms and human health. Their spatial distribution in the sediment was largely dependent on the proximity of the sediment deposition site to known sources of pollution. Due to their tendency to accumulate in sediments at the bottom of the food cha...
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