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Reservoir Formation Damage due to Mud Filtration
Abdolreza Dabiri,
Mohammad Afkhami,
Hooman Fallah
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, May 2013
Pages:
1-5
Received:
17 May 2013
Published:
30 May 2013
Abstract: Transport of particle suspensions in oil reservoirs is an essential phenomenon in many oil industry processes. Solid and liquid particles dispersed in the drilling fluid (mud) are trapped by the rock (porous medium) and permeability decline takes place during drilling fluid invasion into reservoir resulting in formation damage. The formation damage due to mud filtration is explained by erosion of external filter cake. Nevertheless, the stabilization is observed in core floods, which evidences internal erosion. A new mathematical model for detachment of particles is based on mechanical equilibrium of a particle positioned on the internal cake or matrix surface in the pore space. In the current work the analytical solution obtained for mud filtration with one particle capture mechanism with damage stabilization. The particle torque equilibrium is determined by the dimensionless ratio between the drag and normal forces acting on the particle. The maximum retention function of the dimensionless ratio closes system of governing equations for colloid transport through porous medium.
Abstract: Transport of particle suspensions in oil reservoirs is an essential phenomenon in many oil industry processes. Solid and liquid particles dispersed in the drilling fluid (mud) are trapped by the rock (porous medium) and permeability decline takes place during drilling fluid invasion into reservoir resulting in formation damage. The formation damage...
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Kinetic Model of pH effect on Bioremediation of Crude Petroleum Contaminated Soil. 1. Model Development
G. A. O. Ajoku,
M. K. Oduola
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, May 2013
Pages:
6-10
Received:
17 May 2013
Published:
10 June 2013
Abstract: Successful design and operation of a bioremediation process for soil contaminated with crude petroleum requires an in-depth understanding of the type of microorganisms involved, the specific reaction they perform, the factors that affect their performance, and their bioremediation kinetics. This paper attempts to develop the kinetic model for the pH being one of the major environmental factors that influence the bioavailability of contaminants, the availability of other nutrients, the activity of biological processes and hence the overall bioremediation kinetics of crude-petroleum contaminated soil. The pH model have been developed at the chemical and mathematical level with the basic assumptions that i) all side chains necessary for catalysis are in the correct protonation state; ii) an enzyme can exist in three degrees of protonation; iii) only one form of the enzyme is capable of binding substrate and catalyzing the reaction; and iv) the substrate is in great enough excess such that the equilibrium constant for the protonation of the free enzyme is the same as for the enzyme-substrate complex. The resulting model equations enable to obtain values of the equilibrium constants (K1 and K2) which are significant in determination of the optimal pH for bioremediation reaction rate.
Abstract: Successful design and operation of a bioremediation process for soil contaminated with crude petroleum requires an in-depth understanding of the type of microorganisms involved, the specific reaction they perform, the factors that affect their performance, and their bioremediation kinetics. This paper attempts to develop the kinetic model for the p...
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High-Tech Industrial Development VS. Climate Change of the Sonora-Baja California Region of Mexico
Gustavo López Badilla,
María Marcela Acosta Gomez,
Elizabeth Romero Samaniego,
Sandra Luz Toledo Perea
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, May 2013
Pages:
11-16
Received:
12 May 2013
Published:
10 June 2013
Abstract: The industrialization of cities has generated considerable technological developments, with modern communication systems, specialized machinery and automated electronic systems. Large cities in Mexico, including Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey and Tijuana, as well as others that have grown enormously, were including the cities of the border areas with the U.S., the central and southern part of the country. High technology developed is considered better to the economic and educational growth, but causing damage to the environment due to lack of the environmental control. This has led to the generation of variations in climatic factors, especially humidity, temperature and solar radiation, contributing to the climate change. A study conducted in the northwest of Mexico in the states of Sonora (Agua Prieta, Ciudad Obregon, Hermosillo, Nogales and San Luis Rio Colorado cities) and Baja California (Ensenada, Mexicali and Tijuana cities), where has noted that in the past 20 years, have increased the number of companies, determined by the industrial plant organizations. This research was made in the years of 2007 to 2009. In this study we show analysis of environmental degradation, influenced by a portion of emissions to water, air and soil of companies and around of it. Another important factor is that the industrialized city population tends to grow which causes an increase in emissions of CO and NOX from motor vehicles, solid and water waste of domestic, industrial and commercial activities. This generates a large pollution in certain periods of the year, mostly in the winter time when emissions are concentrated to only a few meters above the ground. Increases of deterioration of the environment near of companies were correlated with the industries established in the mentioned cities from 1990 to 2010 (with statistical analysis trend at year end). This was made measuring the increase concentration of major air pollutants with equipment and specialized measurement techniques, and also was monitoring the humidity and temperature variations and pH analysis characterization in water and soil near of the industrial plants, to know about the acidity levels.
Abstract: The industrialization of cities has generated considerable technological developments, with modern communication systems, specialized machinery and automated electronic systems. Large cities in Mexico, including Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey and Tijuana, as well as others that have grown enormously, were including the cities of the border are...
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Optimum and Comparison of Theoretical & Experimental Results of an Industrial Secondary Reformer Reactor in Basra Fertilizers Plant at Different Operation Plant Efficiencies
Ali Ashour AL-Dhfeery,
Ala'a Abdulrazaq Jassem
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, May 2013
Pages:
17-23
Received:
7 May 2013
Published:
30 June 2013
Abstract: This study aims to evaluation the optimum performance of industrial Secondary Reformer reactor in the State Company of Fertilizers South Region in the Basra/Iraq relative to Different Operation Plant Efficiencies of ammonia plant at 100%, 70% and 65% through study the effect of different molar flowrates of air. The effect of air molar flowrates on the cooling water around the Secondary Reformer reactor have been described in this study. The analysis feed Process Gases compositions to the industrial Secondary Reformer reactor in the laboratory is used as data in the mathematical model then comprised these results with the values of industrial Reformat Gases which are tested in laboratory too. The optimum molar flow rate of air is specified at different efficiencies of Ammonia plant 100%,70% and 65%. The Secondary Reformer consists of two sections, the combustion and catalyst which is filled with nickel-containing reforming catalyst. It is placed after the primary reformer in ammonia plant at fertilizer plant. The Secondary Reformer reactor is used to produce Reformat Gases which are consisted from synthesis gas (Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide) to Nitrogen mole ratio of 3 to 1. Finally, the optimum results of air molar flowrates at operation efficiency 100%, 70% and 65% found 1750.50, 1224 and 1136 Kmol/hr respectively.
Abstract: This study aims to evaluation the optimum performance of industrial Secondary Reformer reactor in the State Company of Fertilizers South Region in the Basra/Iraq relative to Different Operation Plant Efficiencies of ammonia plant at 100%, 70% and 65% through study the effect of different molar flowrates of air. The effect of air molar flowrates on ...
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Three-Phase Mass Transfer: Application of the Pseudo-Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Models
Endre Nagy,
Krishna D. P. Nigam
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, May 2013
Pages:
24-35
Received:
31 May 2013
Published:
30 June 2013
Abstract: This paper surveyed the most important, well known two-phase mass transfer models, namely film-, film-penetration- and surface renewal models, applying them to describe the three-phase mass transfer rates at the gas-liquid interface. These models should enable the user to predict the mass transfer enhancement in the presence of a third, in the mass transport active, dispersed phase. Depending on the particle size of the dispersed phase, the pseudo-homogeneous and/or the heterogeneous model can be recommended for nanometer sized and micrometer sized particles, respectively. The effect of all important mass transport parameters, namely particle size, surface renewal frequency, diffusion depth, solubility coefficient, has been shown by typical figures. It has been analyzed how strongly depends the applicability of the homogeneous- or the heterogeneous models not only on the particle size but on the mass transport parameters. As case study, the measured and the predicted mass transfer rates have been investigated in nanofluids.
Abstract: This paper surveyed the most important, well known two-phase mass transfer models, namely film-, film-penetration- and surface renewal models, applying them to describe the three-phase mass transfer rates at the gas-liquid interface. These models should enable the user to predict the mass transfer enhancement in the presence of a third, in the mass...
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