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Reactive Chromatography: A Review of Process Technology
Rajendra Bhaskar Bhandare
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
1-6
Received:
6 December 2018
Accepted:
29 January 2019
Published:
21 February 2019
Abstract: Chemical Industries are primarily intended for conversion of raw materials into desired products. It develops new products for human lives. The challenge for chemical companies is to cut their costs. The chemical industries have high rate of technological change. Chemical industries use separate processes for converting raw material into product. Now day’s the technology that is adopted is reactive separation. In this technology, the emphasis is given on combining separate units in one single unit. Advantageous of this technology is like reducing energy use, increase efficiency etc. Reactive separation uses different techniques like Reactive Chromatography, Reactive Distillation and Reactive Extraction, Reactive Membrane Separation, Reactive Crystallization. Out of this, Reactive chromatography is a attractive alternative since it employs differences in adsorption - desorption of chemical reagents on external solid phase, which can also act as catalyst. It is possible to obtain high purity of product from this process, also downstream purification is reduced or even eliminated. Fixed bed reactor or simulated bed reactors are mainly used for this purpose. Many researchers have studied reactive chromatography. This review is focused in development in reactive chromatography processes.
Abstract: Chemical Industries are primarily intended for conversion of raw materials into desired products. It develops new products for human lives. The challenge for chemical companies is to cut their costs. The chemical industries have high rate of technological change. Chemical industries use separate processes for converting raw material into product. N...
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Soret and Dufour Effects on Heat and Mass Transfer of Boundary Layer Flow over Porous Wedge with Thermal Radiation: Bivariate Spectral Relaxation Method
Felix Ilesanmi Alao,
Chika Uchechukwu Boneze,
Adeyemi Isaiah Fagbade
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
7-21
Received:
9 January 2019
Accepted:
2 March 2019
Published:
25 March 2019
Abstract: Boundary layer flow has great importance in engineering applications such as oil bed recovery, filtration, thermal insulations, heat exchangers, geothermal analysis and so on. This paper investigated the effects of heat radiation, soret and dufour in the presence of suction or injection on a boundary layer flow over a porous wedge. The governing equations with the boundary conditions are non-dimensionalized by introducing some non-dimensional variables. The flow model is described in terms of a highly coupled and nonlinear system of partial differential equations as the method of solution seeks to decouple the original system to form a sequence of equations corresponding to the momentum, energy and concentration equations that is solved in a computationally efficient manner. The resulting equations are solved using a numerical technique called Bivariate Spectral Relaxation Method (BSRM). Numerical calculations are carried out for different values of dimensionless parameters and the analysis of the physical parameters of engineering applications are investigated. Effects of these major parameters on transport behaviors are investigated and typical results are illustrated to reveal the effect of pertinent parameter on the velocity, temperature, concentration profiles of the flow. The effects on the local skin friction, local nusselt and Sherwood number are also presented in the tables.
Abstract: Boundary layer flow has great importance in engineering applications such as oil bed recovery, filtration, thermal insulations, heat exchangers, geothermal analysis and so on. This paper investigated the effects of heat radiation, soret and dufour in the presence of suction or injection on a boundary layer flow over a porous wedge. The governing eq...
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Mathematical and Kinetic Modelling for Convective Hot Air Drying of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L)
Inyang Uwem Ekwere,
Etuk Benjamin Reuben,
Oboh Innocent Oseribho
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
22-31
Received:
22 January 2019
Accepted:
8 March 2019
Published:
1 April 2019
Abstract: The kinetic modelling of thin layer drying is performed with various agricultural products such as seeds, grains, fruits and some plant species with economic importance. Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L) is a widely consumed, and its industrialization is on the increase. The thin layer drying kinetics of sweet potato were experimentally investigated in a convective hot air dryer. Comparison was made between the experimental and model predicted moisture ratio by nonlinear regression analysis. Furthermore, the effect of drying temperature and slice thickness on the selected model constants was evaluated. From the experimental data obtained, it was observed that moisture ratio of the potato sample was directly proportional to the mass of the sample while the time of drying was inversely proportional and these two parameters (mass and time) were used to develop a mathematical model for the thin layer drying of sweet potatoes using a convective hot air dryer. The mathematical model developed was validated. The experimental data fitted the developed mathematical model and gave the Sum of Squares (SSE) value of 0.0001296 and coefficient of determination (R2) as unity. The parameters obtained from the kinetic modelling of the selected models studied could be used in designing low cost dryers for optimum drying conditions.
Abstract: The kinetic modelling of thin layer drying is performed with various agricultural products such as seeds, grains, fruits and some plant species with economic importance. Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L) is a widely consumed, and its industrialization is on the increase. The thin layer drying kinetics of sweet potato were experimentally investigated...
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Technologies and Measures for Increasing Gasoline Production
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
32-42
Received:
2 August 2018
Accepted:
1 February 2019
Published:
18 April 2019
Abstract: As an important fuel energy source, gasoline plays a very important role in the national economy development of our country. Gasoline production increasing is a primary mission for petrochemical enterprises at present and even over a long period in the future to optimize production operation plan, adjust product slate, meet market demand and improve economic performance. This paper deeply analyzes and identifies gasoline production increasing potential of enterprises based on the practical production operation of C Company, considering the development progress and industrialized application of alkylation technology, isomerization technology, etherification technology, MTBE technology, residue hydrogenation technology, catalytic cracking and LCO hydro-upgrading-catalytic cracking combination technology at home and abroad. Additionally, this paper proposes constructive solutions for enterprises to further increase the production of gasoline, reduce diesel-gasoline ratio, optimize product slate, tap potentiality and increase efficiency and provides a reference for petroleum and petrochemical enterprises to establish slate adjustment development plan, on the basis of the long-term development plan of enterprises, aiming at “comprehensive utilization of resources by refining-chemical integration, increase gasoline blending components, increase the production of automobile gasoline and optimize product slate”, in the aspects of “plant operation scheme, catalyst grading scheme, production and processing scheme, plant slate adjustment and plant general process design”, etc.
Abstract: As an important fuel energy source, gasoline plays a very important role in the national economy development of our country. Gasoline production increasing is a primary mission for petrochemical enterprises at present and even over a long period in the future to optimize production operation plan, adjust product slate, meet market demand and improv...
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Confirmation and Analysis of Fentanyl and Its Analogues Without the Standards
Wang Chengyun,
Zhang Weiya,
Yan Jie,
Lin Junfeng,
Xie Tangtang,
Yang Zuojun
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
43-50
Received:
11 March 2019
Published:
15 June 2019
Abstract: In recent years, the number of controlled fentanyl species has increased gradually, and up to now, the number of controlled fentanyl species increased to twenty-seven. Since fentanyl standards are difficult to obtain, there are only several kinds of controlled fentanyl species involved in the literature, and the analysis of all 27 controlled fentanyl species have not been reported in the literature. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a method for the rapid screening and confirmation of all 27 controlled fentanyl species without the use of standards. In this paper, an analytical method for the rapid screening and confirmation of 27 controlled fentanyl substances without the use of standards was established. Suspected samples were rapidly screened by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/Orbitrap HRMS). Qualitative identification was performed through the quasi-molecular ion accurate masses of target compounds. Confirmation was carried out by secondary ion segments. It is the first time that all of 27 controlled fentanyl substances was tested. The proposed method was simple, rapid and accurate, applicable for the rapid screening and confirmation of 27 controlled fentanyl substances without standards.
Abstract: In recent years, the number of controlled fentanyl species has increased gradually, and up to now, the number of controlled fentanyl species increased to twenty-seven. Since fentanyl standards are difficult to obtain, there are only several kinds of controlled fentanyl species involved in the literature, and the analysis of all 27 controlled fentan...
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Structural Analysis and Growth Mechanism of Zn/ZnO Nanowires in AAO Template by Electrodeposition
Tahir Mehmood,
Kaiming Wu,
Aiman Mukhtar,
Adnan Saeed,
Sadaf Jamil Rana,
Marina Afzal,
Muhammad Furqan Rauf,
Babar Shahzad
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
51-56
Received:
13 May 2019
Published:
15 June 2019
Abstract: To fully understand the mechanism of forming Zn and ZnO nanowires in electrodeposition, Anodic Alumina Oxide (AAO) membrane was used to electrodeposit Zn/ZnO nanowires by varying the potential. The structure of electrodeposited Zn/ZnO nanowires is studied by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Different deposition parameters were used to obtain different structure of electrodeposited nanowires. At -1.4 V with pH2.5, the pure Zn nanowires are electrodeposited. By lowering the potential to -1.0 V with same electrolytic concentration and pH, the formed nanowires are mixture of Zn and ZnO. Further decrease in potential to -0.6V, electrodeposited nanowires are of pure ZnO. The size of the critical cluster decreases with increasing the over potential. The formation of pure ZnO nanowires can be attributed to the formation of large size critical Zn nuclei, the larger size of nuclei favors the formation of pure zinc oxides nanowires.
Abstract: To fully understand the mechanism of forming Zn and ZnO nanowires in electrodeposition, Anodic Alumina Oxide (AAO) membrane was used to electrodeposit Zn/ZnO nanowires by varying the potential. The structure of electrodeposited Zn/ZnO nanowires is studied by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Different deposition parameter...
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